Customizing a user behavior analytics deployment

ABSTRACT

A deployment manager executing in a distributed computing environment generates a user behavior analytics (UBA) deployment to process structured event data. The deployment manager configures a streaming cluster to perform streaming processing on real-time data and configures a batch cluster to perform batch processing on aggregated data. A configuration manager executing in the distributed computing environment interoperates with the deployment manager to update the UBA deployment with user-provided code and configurations that define streaming and batch models, among other things. In this manner, the deployment manager provides a scalable UBA deployment that can be customized, via the configuration manager, by a user.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to computer anddata science and, more specifically, to customizing a user behavioranalytics deployment.

Description of the Related Art

A typical information technology (IT) infrastructure may includenumerous individual computing devices that perform various tasks. Forexample, a data center may include a multitude of server racks, whereeach rack stores a collection of web servers that perform web-orientedtasks. Typically, each such device generates machine data on acontinuous basis. Machine data generally includes system logs, networkpacket data, sensor data, application program data, error logs, stacktraces, system performance data, and so forth. In variousimplementations, a modern IT infrastructure may generate many petabytesof machine data.

User Behavior Analytics (UBA) is a data processing paradigm that can beimplemented to detect anomalous behavior by processing the vastquantities of machine data described above. By implementing a UBAplatform, the administrator of the IT infrastructure can detect andrespond to a range of threats, including malware, hacking attempts, andso forth. UBA platforms are typically offered as services to which theIT infrastructure administrator subscribes. However, such UBA platformssuffer from a number of drawbacks. For example, a conventional UBAplatform is commonly cloud-based in nature and, therefore, requires theadministrator of the IT infrastructure to upload vast quantities ofsensitive machine data to an unknown computing environment. Doing so maypose a security risk. Additionally, conventional UBA platforms generallyhave limited configurability. Consequently, administrators of ITinfrastructures have no way of leveraging domain knowledge to customizethe UBA platform for the specific types of threats to which the ITinfrastructure may be exposed.

As the foregoing illustrates, what is needed in the art is a moreflexible and configurable user behavior analytics platform.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention sets forth acomputer-implemented method, including obtaining a content package thatdefines a first behavior model and a first anomaly, updating a defaultcontainer image based on the content package to generate a customizedcontainer image, deploying a first set of computing instances defined ina deployment configuration to execute the customized container image todetect occurrences of the first anomaly via the first behavior model.

One advantage of the disclosed techniques is that the UBA deployment canbe deployed within a private computing environment managed by the user,thereby avoiding security issues associated with conventionaltechniques. Another advantage is that the user can configure the UBAdeployment to execute customized models capable of detecting anomaliesand threats specific to various use-cases with which the user isfamiliar. Yet another advantage is that customizations provided by theuser can be combined with a predefined deployment, thereby easing theburden of generating such a deployment from scratch.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and notlimitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which likereference numerals indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example networked computer environment,in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example data intake and query system, inaccordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example cloud-based data intake andquery system, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example data intake and query systemthat performs searches across external data systems, in accordance withexample embodiments;

FIG. 5A is a flowchart of an example method that illustrates howindexers process, index, and store data received from forwarders, inaccordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of a data structure in which time-stampedevent data can be stored in a data store, in accordance with exampleembodiments;

FIG. 5C provides a visual representation of the manner in which apipelined search language or query operates, in accordance with exampleembodiments;

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram of an example method that illustrates how asearch head and indexers perform a search query, in accordance withexample embodiments;

FIG. 6B provides a visual representation of an example manner in which apipelined command language or query operates, in accordance with exampleembodiments;

FIG. 7A is a diagram of an example scenario where a common customeridentifier is found among log data received from three disparate datasources, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 7B illustrates an example of processing keyword searches and fieldsearches, in accordance with disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 7C illustrates an example of creating and using an inverted index,in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 7D depicts a flowchart of example use of an inverted index in apipelined search query, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 8A is an interface diagram of an example user interface for asearch screen, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 8B is an interface diagram of an example user interface for a datasummary dialog that enables a user to select various data sources, inaccordance with example embodiments;

FIGS. 9-15 are interface diagrams of example report generation userinterfaces, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 16 is an example search query received from a client and executedby search peers, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 17A is an interface diagram of an example user interface of a keyindicators view, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 17B is an interface diagram of an example user interface of anincident review dashboard, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 17C is a tree diagram of an example a proactive monitoring tree, inaccordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 17D is an interface diagram of an example a user interfacedisplaying both log data and performance data, in accordance withexample embodiments;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example distributed computingenvironment, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 19 is a more detailed illustration of the load balancers andpre-processing cluster of FIG. 18, in accordance with exampleembodiments;

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of how the pre-processing cluster of FIG.19 replicates event data during an extract-transform-load operation, inaccordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 21 is a more detailed illustration of the streaming cluster of FIG.20, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of how the containerized microservices ofFIG. 21 subscribe to topics using keys, in accordance with exampleembodiments;

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of how the containerized microservices ofFIG. 21 subscribe to topics without using keys, in accordance withexample embodiments

FIG. 24 is a more detailed illustration of the batch cluster of FIG. 19,in accordance with example embodiments

FIG. 25 is a more detailed illustration of the deployment manager ofFIG. 19, in accordance with example embodiments

FIG. 26 is a more detailed illustration of the configuration manager ofFIG. 19, in accordance with example embodiments

FIG. 27 is a more detailed illustration of the client of FIG. 19, inaccordance with example embodiments

FIG. 28 illustrates in greater detail the user interface of FIGS. 26-27in accordance with example embodiments;

FIG. 29 illustrates a generic computing device that executes within theUBA deployment of FIG. 18, in accordance with example embodiments;

FIGS. 30A-30B set forth a flow diagram of method steps for deploying acontainerized microservice to execute a streaming model, in accordancewith example embodiments; and

FIGS. 31A-31B set forth a flow diagram of method steps for deploying acontainerized microservice to execute a batch model, in accordance withexample embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth toprovide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However,it will be apparent to one of skilled in the art that the presentinvention may be practiced without one or more of these specificdetails.

GENERAL OVERVIEW

Embodiments are described herein according to the following outline:

1.0. General Overview

2.0. Operating Environment

-   -   2.1. Host Devices    -   2.2. Client Devices    -   2.3. Client Device Applications    -   2.4. Data Server System    -   2.5 Cloud-Based System Overview    -   2.6 Searching Externally-Archived Data        -   2.6.1. ERP Process Features    -   2.7. Data Ingestion        -   2.7.1. Input        -   2.7.2. Parsing        -   2.7.3. Indexing    -   2.8. Query Processing    -   2.9. Pipelined Search Language    -   2.10. Field Extraction    -   2.11. Example Search Screen    -   2.12. Data Modeling    -   2.13. Acceleration Techniques        -   2.13.1. Aggregation Technique        -   2.13.2. Keyword Index        -   2.13.3. High Performance Analytics Store            -   2.13.3.1 Extracting Event Data Using Posting Values        -   2.13.4. Accelerating Report Generation    -   2.14. Security Features    -   2.15. Data Center Monitoring    -   2.16. IT Service Monitoring

3.0. User Behavior Analytics (UBA) Overview

-   -   3.1. UBA Deployment    -   3.2. Load Balancing And Event Pre-Processing    -   3.3. Analyzing Event Data Via Streaming Models    -   3.4. Analyzing Event Data Via Batch Models    -   3.5. UBA Management    -   3.6. Generating A Content Package    -   3.7. Distributed Computing Hardware    -   3.8. Deployment Procedures

1.0. General Overview

Modern data centers and other computing environments can compriseanywhere from a few host computer systems to thousands of systemsconfigured to process data, service requests from remote clients, andperform numerous other computational tasks. During operation, variouscomponents within these computing environments often generatesignificant volumes of machine data. Machine data is any data producedby a machine or component in an information technology (IT) environmentand that reflects activity in the IT environment. For example, machinedata can be raw machine data that is generated by various components inIT environments, such as servers, sensors, routers, mobile devices,Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc. Machine data can include systemlogs, network packet data, sensor data, application program data, errorlogs, stack traces, system performance data, etc. In general, machinedata can also include performance data, diagnostic information, and manyother types of data that can be analyzed to diagnose performanceproblems, monitor user interactions, and to derive other insights.

A number of tools are available to analyze machine data. In order toreduce the size of the potentially vast amount of machine data that maybe generated, many of these tools typically pre-process the data basedon anticipated data-analysis needs. For example, pre-specified dataitems may be extracted from the machine data and stored in a database tofacilitate efficient retrieval and analysis of those data items atsearch time. However, the rest of the machine data typically is notsaved and is discarded during pre-processing. As storage capacitybecomes progressively cheaper and more plentiful, there are fewerincentives to discard these portions of machine data and many reasons toretain more of the data.

This plentiful storage capacity is presently making it feasible to storemassive quantities of minimally processed machine data for laterretrieval and analysis. In general, storing minimally processed machinedata and performing analysis operations at search time can providegreater flexibility because it enables an analyst to search all of themachine data, instead of searching only a pre-specified set of dataitems. This may enable an analyst to investigate different aspects ofthe machine data that previously were unavailable for analysis.

However, analyzing and searching massive quantities of machine datapresents a number of challenges. For example, a data center, servers, ornetwork appliances may generate many different types and formats ofmachine data (e.g., system logs, network packet data (e.g., wire data,etc.), sensor data, application program data, error logs, stack traces,system performance data, operating system data, virtualization data,etc.) from thousands of different components, which can collectively bevery time-consuming to analyze. In another example, mobile devices maygenerate large amounts of information relating to data accesses,application performance, operating system performance, networkperformance, etc. There can be millions of mobile devices that reportthese types of information.

These challenges can be addressed by using an event-based data intakeand query system, such as the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system developed bySplunk Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. The SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system isthe leading platform for providing real-time operational intelligencethat enables organizations to collect, index, and search machine datafrom various websites, applications, servers, networks, and mobiledevices that power their businesses. The data intake and query system isparticularly useful for analyzing data which is commonly found in systemlog files, network data, and other data input sources. Although many ofthe techniques described herein are explained with reference to a dataintake and query system similar to the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system, thesetechniques are also applicable to other types of data systems.

In the data intake and query system, machine data are collected andstored as “events”. An event comprises a portion of machine data and isassociated with a specific point in time. The portion of machine datamay reflect activity in an IT environment and may be produced by acomponent of that IT environment, where the events may be searched toprovide insight into the IT environment, thereby improving theperformance of components in the IT environment. Events may be derivedfrom “time series data,” where the time series data comprises a sequenceof data points (e.g., performance measurements from a computer system,etc.) that are associated with successive points in time. In general,each event has a portion of machine data that is associated with atimestamp that is derived from the portion of machine data in the event.A timestamp of an event may be determined through interpolation betweentemporally proximate events having known timestamps or may be determinedbased on other configurable rules for associating timestamps withevents.

In some instances, machine data can have a predefined format, where dataitems with specific data formats are stored at predefined locations inthe data. For example, the machine data may include data associated withfields in a database table. In other instances, machine data may nothave a predefined format (e.g., may not be at fixed, predefinedlocations), but may have repeatable (e.g., non-random) patterns. Thismeans that some machine data can comprise various data items ofdifferent data types that may be stored at different locations withinthe data. For example, when the data source is an operating system log,an event can include one or more lines from the operating system logcontaining machine data that includes different types of performance anddiagnostic information associated with a specific point in time (e.g., atimestamp).

Examples of components which may generate machine data from which eventscan be derived include, but are not limited to, web servers, applicationservers, databases, firewalls, routers, operating systems, and softwareapplications that execute on computer systems, mobile devices, sensors,Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc. The machine data generated bysuch data sources can include, for example and without limitation,server log files, activity log files, configuration files, messages,network packet data, performance measurements, sensor measurements, etc.

The data intake and query system uses a flexible schema to specify howto extract information from events. A flexible schema may be developedand redefined as needed. Note that a flexible schema may be applied toevents “on the fly,” when it is needed (e.g., at search time, indextime, ingestion time, etc.). When the schema is not applied to eventsuntil search time, the schema may be referred to as a “late-bindingschema.”

During operation, the data intake and query system receives machine datafrom any type and number of sources (e.g., one or more system logs,streams of network packet data, sensor data, application program data,error logs, stack traces, system performance data, etc.). The systemparses the machine data to produce events each having a portion ofmachine data associated with a timestamp. The system stores the eventsin a data store. The system enables users to run queries against thestored events to, for example, retrieve events that meet criteriaspecified in a query, such as criteria indicating certain keywords orhaving specific values in defined fields. As used herein, the term“field” refers to a location in the machine data of an event containingone or more values for a specific data item. A field may be referencedby a field name associated with the field. As will be described in moredetail herein, a field is defined by an extraction rule (e.g., a regularexpression) that derives one or more values or a sub-portion of textfrom the portion of machine data in each event to produce a value forthe field for that event. The set of values produced aresemantically-related (such as IP address), even though the machine datain each event may be in different formats (e.g., semantically-relatedvalues may be in different positions in the events derived fromdifferent sources).

As described above, the system stores the events in a data store. Theevents stored in the data store are field-searchable, wherefield-searchable herein refers to the ability to search the machine data(e.g., the raw machine data) of an event based on a field specified insearch criteria. For example, a search having criteria that specifies afield name “UserID” may cause the system to field-search the machinedata of events to identify events that have the field name “UserID.” Inanother example, a search having criteria that specifies a field name“UserID” with a corresponding field value “12345” may cause the systemto field-search the machine data of events to identify events havingthat field-value pair (e.g., field name “UserID” with a correspondingfield value of “12345”). Events are field-searchable using one or moreconfiguration files associated with the events. Each configuration fileincludes one or more field names, where each field name is associatedwith a corresponding extraction rule and a set of events to which thatextraction rule applies. The set of events to which an extraction ruleapplies may be identified by metadata associated with the set of events.For example, an extraction rule may apply to a set of events that areeach associated with a particular host, source, or source type. Whenevents are to be searched based on a particular field name specified ina search, the system uses one or more configuration files to determinewhether there is an extraction rule for that particular field name thatapplies to each event that falls within the criteria of the search. Ifso, the event is considered as part of the search results (andadditional processing may be performed on that event based on criteriaspecified in the search). If not, the next event is similarly analyzed,and so on.

As noted above, the data intake and query system utilizes a late-bindingschema while performing queries on events. One aspect of a late-bindingschema is applying extraction rules to events to extract values forspecific fields during search time. More specifically, the extractionrule for a field can include one or more instructions that specify howto extract a value for the field from an event. An extraction rule cangenerally include any type of instruction for extracting values fromevents. In some cases, an extraction rule comprises a regularexpression, where a sequence of characters form a search pattern. Anextraction rule comprising a regular expression is referred to herein asa regex rule. The system applies a regex rule to an event to extractvalues for a field associated with the regex rule, where the values areextracted by searching the event for the sequence of characters definedin the regex rule.

In the data intake and query system, a field extractor may be configuredto automatically generate extraction rules for certain fields in theevents when the events are being created, indexed, or stored, orpossibly at a later time. Alternatively, a user may manually defineextraction rules for fields using a variety of techniques. In contrastto a conventional schema for a database system, a late-binding schema isnot defined at data ingestion time. Instead, the late-binding schema canbe developed on an ongoing basis until the time a query is actuallyexecuted. This means that extraction rules for the fields specified in aquery may be provided in the query itself, or may be located duringexecution of the query. Hence, as a user learns more about the data inthe events, the user can continue to refine the late-binding schema byadding new fields, deleting fields, or modifying the field extractionrules for use the next time the schema is used by the system. Becausethe data intake and query system maintains the underlying machine dataand uses a late-binding schema for searching the machine data, itenables a user to continue investigating and learn valuable insightsabout the machine data.

In some embodiments, a common field name may be used to reference two ormore fields containing equivalent and/or similar data items, even thoughthe fields may be associated with different types of events thatpossibly have different data formats and different extraction rules. Byenabling a common field name to be used to identify equivalent and/orsimilar fields from different types of events generated by disparatedata sources, the system facilitates use of a “common information model”(CIM) across the disparate data sources (further discussed with respectto FIG. 7A).

2.0. Operating Environment

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example networked computer environment100, in accordance with example embodiments. Those skilled in the artwould understand that FIG. 1 represents one example of a networkedcomputer system and other embodiments may use different arrangements.

The networked computer system 100 comprises one or more computingdevices. These one or more computing devices comprise any combination ofhardware and software configured to implement the various logicalcomponents described herein. For example, the one or more computingdevices may include one or more memories that store instructions forimplementing the various components described herein, one or morehardware processors configured to execute the instructions stored in theone or more memories, and various data repositories in the one or morememories for storing data structures utilized and manipulated by thevarious components.

In some embodiments, one or more client devices 102 are coupled to oneor more host devices 106 and a data intake and query system 108 via oneor more networks 104. Networks 104 broadly represent one or more LANs,WANs, cellular networks (e.g., LTE, HSPA, 3G, and other cellulartechnologies), and/or networks using any of wired, wireless, terrestrialmicrowave, or satellite links, and may include the public Internet.

2.1. Host Devices

In the illustrated embodiment, a system 100 includes one or more hostdevices 106. Host devices 106 may broadly include any number ofcomputers, virtual machine instances, and/or data centers that areconfigured to host or execute one or more instances of host applications114. In general, a host device 106 may be involved, directly orindirectly, in processing requests received from client devices 102.Each host device 106 may comprise, for example, one or more of a networkdevice, a web server, an application server, a database server, etc. Acollection of host devices 106 may be configured to implement anetwork-based service. For example, a provider of a network-basedservice may configure one or more host devices 106 and host applications114 (e.g., one or more web servers, application servers, databaseservers, etc.) to collectively implement the network-based application.

In general, client devices 102 communicate with one or more hostapplications 114 to exchange information. The communication between aclient device 102 and a host application 114 may, for example, be basedon the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or any other network protocol.Content delivered from the host application 114 to a client device 102may include, for example, HTML documents, media content, etc. Thecommunication between a client device 102 and host application 114 mayinclude sending various requests and receiving data packets. Forexample, in general, a client device 102 or application running on aclient device may initiate communication with a host application 114 bymaking a request for a specific resource (e.g., based on an HTTPrequest), and the application server may respond with the requestedcontent stored in one or more response packets.

In the illustrated embodiment, one or more of host applications 114 maygenerate various types of performance data during operation, includingevent logs, network data, sensor data, and other types of machine data.For example, a host application 114 comprising a web server may generateone or more web server logs in which details of interactions between theweb server and any number of client devices 102 is recorded. As anotherexample, a host device 106 comprising a router may generate one or morerouter logs that record information related to network traffic managedby the router. As yet another example, a host application 114 comprisinga database server may generate one or more logs that record informationrelated to requests sent from other host applications 114 (e.g., webservers or application servers) for data managed by the database server.

2.2. Client Devices

Client devices 102 of FIG. 1 represent any computing device capable ofinteracting with one or more host devices 106 via a network 104.Examples of client devices 102 may include, without limitation, smartphones, tablet computers, handheld computers, wearable devices, laptopcomputers, desktop computers, servers, portable media players, gamingdevices, and so forth. In general, a client device 102 can provideaccess to different content, for instance, content provided by one ormore host devices 106, etc. Each client device 102 may comprise one ormore client applications 110, described in more detail in a separatesection hereinafter.

2.3. Client Device Applications

In some embodiments, each client device 102 may host or execute one ormore client applications 110 that are capable of interacting with one ormore host devices 106 via one or more networks 104. For instance, aclient application 110 may be or comprise a web browser that a user mayuse to navigate to one or more websites or other resources provided byone or more host devices 106. As another example, a client application110 may comprise a mobile application or “app.” For example, an operatorof a network-based service hosted by one or more host devices 106 maymake available one or more mobile apps that enable users of clientdevices 102 to access various resources of the network-based service. Asyet another example, client applications 110 may include backgroundprocesses that perform various operations without direct interactionfrom a user. A client application 110 may include a “plug-in” or“extension” to another application, such as a web browser plug-in orextension.

In some embodiments, a client application 110 may include a monitoringcomponent 112. At a high level, the monitoring component 112 comprises asoftware component or other logic that facilitates generatingperformance data related to a client device's operating state, includingmonitoring network traffic sent and received from the client device andcollecting other device and/or application-specific information.Monitoring component 112 may be an integrated component of a clientapplication 110, a plug-in, an extension, or any other type of add-oncomponent. Monitoring component 112 may also be a stand-alone process.

In some embodiments, a monitoring component 112 may be created when aclient application 110 is developed, for example, by an applicationdeveloper using a software development kit (SDK). The SDK may includecustom monitoring code that can be incorporated into the codeimplementing a client application 110. When the code is converted to anexecutable application, the custom code implementing the monitoringfunctionality can become part of the application itself.

In some embodiments, an SDK or other code for implementing themonitoring functionality may be offered by a provider of a data intakeand query system, such as a system 108. In such cases, the provider ofthe system 108 can implement the custom code so that performance datagenerated by the monitoring functionality is sent to the system 108 tofacilitate analysis of the performance data by a developer of the clientapplication or other users.

In some embodiments, the custom monitoring code may be incorporated intothe code of a client application 110 in a number of different ways, suchas the insertion of one or more lines in the client application codethat call or otherwise invoke the monitoring component 112. As such, adeveloper of a client application 110 can add one or more lines of codeinto the client application 110 to trigger the monitoring component 112at desired points during execution of the application. Code thattriggers the monitoring component may be referred to as a monitortrigger. For instance, a monitor trigger may be included at or near thebeginning of the executable code of the client application 110 such thatthe monitoring component 112 is initiated or triggered as theapplication is launched, or included at other points in the code thatcorrespond to various actions of the client application, such as sendinga network request or displaying a particular interface.

In some embodiments, the monitoring component 112 may monitor one ormore aspects of network traffic sent and/or received by a clientapplication 110. For example, the monitoring component 112 may beconfigured to monitor data packets transmitted to and/or from one ormore host applications 114. Incoming and/or outgoing data packets can beread or examined to identify network data contained within the packets,for example, and other aspects of data packets can be analyzed todetermine a number of network performance statistics. Monitoring networktraffic may enable information to be gathered particular to the networkperformance associated with a client application 110 or set ofapplications.

In some embodiments, network performance data refers to any type of datathat indicates information about the network and/or network performance.Network performance data may include, for instance, a URL requested, aconnection type (e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, etc.), a connection start time, aconnection end time, an HTTP status code, request length, responselength, request headers, response headers, connection status (e.g.,completion, response time(s), failure, etc.), and the like. Uponobtaining network performance data indicating performance of thenetwork, the network performance data can be transmitted to a dataintake and query system 108 for analysis.

Upon developing a client application 110 that incorporates a monitoringcomponent 112, the client application 110 can be distributed to clientdevices 102. Applications generally can be distributed to client devices102 in any manner, or they can be pre-loaded. In some cases, theapplication may be distributed to a client device 102 via an applicationmarketplace or other application distribution system. For instance, anapplication marketplace or other application distribution system mightdistribute the application to a client device based on a request fromthe client device to download the application.

Examples of functionality that enables monitoring performance of aclient device are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/524,748, entitled “UTILIZING PACKET HEADERS TO MONITOR NETWORKTRAFFIC IN ASSOCIATION WITH A CLIENT DEVICE”, filed on 27 Oct. 2014, andwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

In some embodiments, the monitoring component 112 may also monitor andcollect performance data related to one or more aspects of theoperational state of a client application 110 and/or client device 102.For example, a monitoring component 112 may be configured to collectdevice performance information by monitoring one or more client deviceoperations, or by making calls to an operating system and/or one or moreother applications executing on a client device 102 for performanceinformation. Device performance information may include, for instance, acurrent wireless signal strength of the device, a current connectiontype and network carrier, current memory performance information, ageographic location of the device, a device orientation, and any otherinformation related to the operational state of the client device.

In some embodiments, the monitoring component 112 may also monitor andcollect other device profile information including, for example, a typeof client device, a manufacturer and model of the device, versions ofvarious software applications installed on the device, and so forth.

In general, a monitoring component 112 may be configured to generateperformance data in response to a monitor trigger in the code of aclient application 110 or other triggering application event, asdescribed above, and to store the performance data in one or more datarecords. Each data record, for example, may include a collection offield-value pairs, each field-value pair storing a particular item ofperformance data in association with a field for the item.

For example, a data record generated by a monitoring component 112 mayinclude a “networkLatency” field (not shown in the Figure) in which avalue is stored. This field indicates a network latency measurementassociated with one or more network requests. The data record mayinclude a “state” field to store a value indicating a state of a networkconnection, and so forth for any number of aspects of collectedperformance data.

2.4. Data Server System

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example data intake and query system108, in accordance with example embodiments. System 108 includes one ormore forwarders 204 that receive data from a variety of input datasources 202, and one or more indexers 206 that process and store thedata in one or more data stores 208. These forwarders 204 and indexers208 can comprise separate computer systems, or may alternativelycomprise separate processes executing on one or more computer systems.

Each data source 202 broadly represents a distinct source of data thatcan be consumed by system 108. Examples of a data sources 202 include,without limitation, data files, directories of files, data sent over anetwork, event logs, registries, etc.

During operation, the forwarders 204 identify which indexers 206 receivedata collected from a data source 202 and forward the data to theappropriate indexers. Forwarders 204 can also perform operations on thedata before forwarding, including removing extraneous data, detectingtimestamps in the data, parsing data, indexing data, routing data basedon criteria relating to the data being routed, and/or performing otherdata transformations.

In some embodiments, a forwarder 204 may comprise a service accessibleto client devices 102 and host devices 106 via a network 104. Forexample, one type of forwarder 204 may be capable of consuming vastamounts of real-time data from a potentially large number of clientdevices 102 and/or host devices 106. The forwarder 204 may, for example,comprise a computing device which implements multiple data pipelines or“queues” to handle forwarding of network data to indexers 206. Aforwarder 204 may also perform many of the functions that are performedby an indexer. For example, a forwarder 204 may perform keywordextractions on raw data or parse raw data to create events. A forwarder204 may generate time stamps for events. Additionally or alternatively,a forwarder 204 may perform routing of events to indexers 206. Datastore 208 may contain events derived from machine data from a variety ofsources all pertaining to the same component in an IT environment, andthis data may be produced by the machine in question or by othercomponents in the IT environment.

2.5. Cloud-Based System Overview

The example data intake and query system 108 described in reference toFIG. 2 comprises several system components, including one or moreforwarders, indexers, and search heads. In some environments, a user ofa data intake and query system 108 may install and configure, oncomputing devices owned and operated by the user, one or more softwareapplications that implement some or all of these system components. Forexample, a user may install a software application on server computersowned by the user and configure each server to operate as one or more ofa forwarder, an indexer, a search head, etc. This arrangement generallymay be referred to as an “on-premises” solution. That is, the system 108is installed and operates on computing devices directly controlled bythe user of the system. Some users may prefer an on-premises solutionbecause it may provide a greater level of control over the configurationof certain aspects of the system (e.g., security, privacy, standards,controls, etc.). However, other users may instead prefer an arrangementin which the user is not directly responsible for providing and managingthe computing devices upon which various components of system 108operate.

In one embodiment, to provide an alternative to an entirely on-premisesenvironment for system 108, one or more of the components of a dataintake and query system instead may be provided as a cloud-basedservice. In this context, a cloud-based service refers to a servicehosted by one more computing resources that are accessible to end usersover a network, for example, by using a web browser or other applicationon a client device to interface with the remote computing resources. Forexample, a service provider may provide a cloud-based data intake andquery system by managing computing resources configured to implementvarious aspects of the system (e.g., forwarders, indexers, search heads,etc.) and by providing access to the system to end users via a network.Typically, a user may pay a subscription or other fee to use such aservice. Each subscribing user of the cloud-based service may beprovided with an account that enables the user to configure a customizedcloud-based system based on the user's preferences.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example cloud-based data intakeand query system. Similar to the system of FIG. 2, the networkedcomputer system 300 includes input data sources 202 and forwarders 204.These input data sources and forwarders may be in a subscriber's privatecomputing environment. Alternatively, they might be directly managed bythe service provider as part of the cloud service. In the example system300, one or more forwarders 204 and client devices 302 are coupled to acloud-based data intake and query system 306 via one or more networks304. Network 304 broadly represents one or more LANs, WANs, cellularnetworks, intranetworks, internetworks, etc., using any of wired,wireless, terrestrial microwave, satellite links, etc., and may includethe public Internet, and is used by client devices 302 and forwarders204 to access the system 306. Similar to the system of 38, each of theforwarders 204 may be configured to receive data from an input sourceand to forward the data to other components of the system 306 forfurther processing.

In some embodiments, a cloud-based data intake and query system 306 maycomprise a plurality of system instances 308. In general, each systeminstance 308 may include one or more computing resources managed by aprovider of the cloud-based system 306 made available to a particularsubscriber. The computing resources comprising a system instance 308may, for example, include one or more servers or other devicesconfigured to implement one or more forwarders, indexers, search heads,and other components of a data intake and query system, similar tosystem 108. As indicated above, a subscriber may use a web browser orother application of a client device 302 to access a web portal or otherinterface that enables the subscriber to configure an instance 308.

Providing a data intake and query system as described in reference tosystem 108 as a cloud-based service presents a number of challenges.Each of the components of a system 108 (e.g., forwarders, indexers, andsearch heads) may at times refer to various configuration files storedlocally at each component. These configuration files typically mayinvolve some level of user configuration to accommodate particular typesof data a user desires to analyze and to account for other userpreferences. However, in a cloud-based service context, users typicallymay not have direct access to the underlying computing resourcesimplementing the various system components (e.g., the computingresources comprising each system instance 308) and may desire to makesuch configurations indirectly, for example, using one or more web-basedinterfaces. Thus, the techniques and systems described herein forproviding user interfaces that enable a user to configure source typedefinitions are applicable to both on-premises and cloud-based servicecontexts, or some combination thereof (e.g., a hybrid system where bothan on-premises environment, such as SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE, and acloud-based environment, such as SPLUNK CLOUD™, are centrally visible).

2.6. Searching Externally-Archived Data

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an example of a data intake and querysystem 108 that provides transparent search facilities for data systemsthat are external to the data intake and query system. Such facilitiesare available in the Splunk® Analytics for Hadoop® system provided bySplunk Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. Splunk® Analytics for Hadoop®represents an analytics platform that enables business and IT teams torapidly explore, analyze, and visualize data in Hadoop® and NoSQL datastores.

The search head 210 of the data intake and query system receives searchrequests from one or more client devices 404 over network connections420. As discussed above, the data intake and query system 108 may residein an enterprise location, in the cloud, etc. FIG. 4 illustrates thatmultiple client devices 404 a, 404 b, . . . , 404 n may communicate withthe data intake and query system 108. The client devices 404 maycommunicate with the data intake and query system using a variety ofconnections. For example, one client device in FIG. 4 is illustrated ascommunicating over an Internet (Web) protocol, another client device isillustrated as communicating via a command line interface, and anotherclient device is illustrated as communicating via a software developerkit (SDK).

The search head 210 analyzes the received search request to identifyrequest parameters. If a search request received from one of the clientdevices 404 references an index maintained by the data intake and querysystem, then the search head 210 connects to one or more indexers 206 ofthe data intake and query system for the index referenced in the requestparameters. That is, if the request parameters of the search requestreference an index, then the search head accesses the data in the indexvia the indexer. The data intake and query system 108 may include one ormore indexers 206, depending on system access resources andrequirements. As described further below, the indexers 206 retrieve datafrom their respective local data stores 208 as specified in the searchrequest. The indexers and their respective data stores can comprise oneor more storage devices and typically reside on the same system, thoughthey may be connected via a local network connection.

If the request parameters of the received search request reference anexternal data collection, which is not accessible to the indexers 206 orunder the management of the data intake and query system, then thesearch head 210 can access the external data collection through anExternal Result Provider (ERP) process 410. An external data collectionmay be referred to as a “virtual index” (plural, “virtual indices”). AnERP process provides an interface through which the search head 210 mayaccess virtual indices.

Thus, a search reference to an index of the system relates to a locallystored and managed data collection. In contrast, a search reference to avirtual index relates to an externally stored and managed datacollection, which the search head may access through one or more ERPprocesses 410, 412. FIG. 4 shows two ERP processes 410, 412 that connectto respective remote (external) virtual indices, which are indicated asa Hadoop or another system 414 (e.g., Amazon S3, Amazon EMR, otherHadoop® Compatible File Systems (HCFS), etc.) and a relational databasemanagement system (RDBMS) 416. Other virtual indices may include otherfile organizations and protocols, such as Structured Query Language(SQL) and the like. The ellipses between the ERP processes 410, 412indicate optional additional ERP processes of the data intake and querysystem 108. An ERP process may be a computer process that is initiatedor spawned by the search head 210 and is executed by the search dataintake and query system 108. Alternatively or additionally, an ERPprocess may be a process spawned by the search head 210 on the same ordifferent host system as the search head 210 resides.

The search head 210 may spawn a single ERP process in response tomultiple virtual indices referenced in a search request, or the searchhead may spawn different ERP processes for different virtual indices.Generally, virtual indices that share common data configurations orprotocols may share ERP processes. For example, all search queryreferences to a Hadoop file system may be processed by the same ERPprocess, if the ERP process is suitably configured. Likewise, all searchquery references to a SQL database may be processed by the same ERPprocess. In addition, the search head may provide a common ERP processfor common external data source types (e.g., a common vendor may utilizea common ERP process, even if the vendor includes different data storagesystem types, such as Hadoop and SQL). Common indexing schemes also maybe handled by common ERP processes, such as flat text files or Weblogfiles.

The search head 210 determines the number of ERP processes to beinitiated via the use of configuration parameters that are included in asearch request message. Generally, there is a one-to-many relationshipbetween an external results provider “family” and ERP processes. Thereis also a one-to-many relationship between an ERP process andcorresponding virtual indices that are referred to in a search request.For example, using RDBMS, assume two independent instances of such asystem by one vendor, such as one RDBMS for production and another RDBMSused for development. In such a situation, it is likely preferable (butoptional) to use two ERP processes to maintain the independent operationas between production and development data. Both of the ERPs, however,will belong to the same family, because the two RDBMS system types arefrom the same vendor.

The ERP processes 410, 412 receive a search request from the search head210. The search head may optimize the received search request forexecution at the respective external virtual index. Alternatively, theERP process may receive a search request as a result of analysisperformed by the search head or by a different system process. The ERPprocesses 410, 412 can communicate with the search head 210 viaconventional input/output routines (e.g., standard in/standard out,etc.). In this way, the ERP process receives the search request from aclient device such that the search request may be efficiently executedat the corresponding external virtual index.

The ERP processes 410, 412 may be implemented as a process of the dataintake and query system. Each ERP process may be provided by the dataintake and query system, or may be provided by process or applicationproviders who are independent of the data intake and query system. Eachrespective ERP process may include an interface application installed ata computer of the external result provider that ensures propercommunication between the search support system and the external resultprovider. The ERP processes 410, 412 generate appropriate searchrequests in the protocol and syntax of the respective virtual indices414, 416, each of which corresponds to the search request received bythe search head 210. Upon receiving search results from theircorresponding virtual indices, the respective ERP process passes theresult to the search head 210, which may return or display the resultsor a processed set of results based on the returned results to therespective client device.

Client devices 404 may communicate with the data intake and query system108 through a network interface 420, e.g., one or more LANs, WANs,cellular networks, intranetworks, and/or internetworks using any ofwired, wireless, terrestrial microwave, satellite links, etc., and mayinclude the public Internet.

The analytics platform utilizing the External Result Provider processdescribed in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,738,629, entitled “ExternalResult Provided Process For Retrieving Data Stored Using A DifferentConfiguration Or Protocol”, issued on 27 May 2014, U.S. Pat. No.8,738,587, entitled “PROCESSING A SYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST BY RETRIEVINGRESULTS FROM BOTH A NATIVE INDEX AND A VIRTUAL INDEX”, issued on 25 Jul.2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/266,832, entitled “PROCESSINGA SYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST ACROSS DISPARATE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS”, filedon 1 May 2014, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,514,189, entitled “PROCESSING ASYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST INCLUDING EXTERNAL DATA SOURCES”, issued on 6 Dec.2016, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entiretyfor all purposes.

2.6.1. ERP Process Features

The ERP processes described above may include two operation modes: astreaming mode and a reporting mode. The ERP processes can operate instreaming mode only, in reporting mode only, or in both modessimultaneously. Operating in both modes simultaneously is referred to asmixed mode operation. In a mixed mode operation, the ERP at some pointcan stop providing the search head with streaming results and onlyprovide reporting results thereafter, or the search head at some pointmay start ignoring streaming results it has been using and only usereporting results thereafter.

The streaming mode returns search results in real time, with minimalprocessing, in response to the search request. The reporting modeprovides results of a search request with processing of the searchresults prior to providing them to the requesting search head, which inturn provides results to the requesting client device. ERP operationwith such multiple modes provides greater performance flexibility withregard to report time, search latency, and resource utilization.

In a mixed mode operation, both streaming mode and reporting mode areoperating simultaneously. The streaming mode results (e.g., the machinedata obtained from the external data source) are provided to the searchhead, which can then process the results data (e.g., break the machinedata into events, timestamp it, filter it, etc.) and integrate theresults data with the results data from other external data sources,and/or from data stores of the search head. The search head performssuch processing and can immediately start returning interim (streamingmode) results to the user at the requesting client device;simultaneously, the search head is waiting for the ERP process toprocess the data it is retrieving from the external data source as aresult of the concurrently executing reporting mode.

In some instances, the ERP process initially operates in a mixed mode,such that the streaming mode operates to enable the ERP quickly toreturn interim results (e.g., some of the machined data or unprocesseddata necessary to respond to a search request) to the search head,enabling the search head to process the interim results and beginproviding to the client or search requester interim results that areresponsive to the query. Meanwhile, in this mixed mode, the ERP alsooperates concurrently in reporting mode, processing portions of machinedata in a manner responsive to the search query. Upon determining thatit has results from the reporting mode available to return to the searchhead, the ERP may halt processing in the mixed mode at that time (orsome later time) by stopping the return of data in streaming mode to thesearch head and switching to reporting mode only. The ERP at this pointstarts sending interim results in reporting mode to the search head,which in turn may then present this processed data responsive to thesearch request to the client or search requester. Typically the searchhead switches from using results from the ERP's streaming mode ofoperation to results from the ERP's reporting mode of operation when thehigher bandwidth results from the reporting mode outstrip the amount ofdata processed by the search head in the streaming mode of ERPoperation.

A reporting mode may have a higher bandwidth because the ERP does nothave to spend time transferring data to the search head for processingall the machine data. In addition, the ERP may optionally direct anotherprocessor to do the processing.

The streaming mode of operation does not need to be stopped to gain thehigher bandwidth benefits of a reporting mode; the search head couldsimply stop using the streaming mode results—and start using thereporting mode results—when the bandwidth of the reporting mode hascaught up with or exceeded the amount of bandwidth provided by thestreaming mode. Thus, a variety of triggers and ways to accomplish asearch head's switch from using streaming mode results to usingreporting mode results may be appreciated by one skilled in the art.

The reporting mode can involve the ERP process (or an external system)performing event breaking, time stamping, filtering of events to matchthe search query request, and calculating statistics on the results. Theuser can request particular types of data, such as if the search queryitself involves types of events, or the search request may ask forstatistics on data, such as on events that meet the search request. Ineither case, the search head understands the query language used in thereceived query request, which may be a proprietary language. Oneexemplary query language is Splunk Processing Language (SPL) developedby the assignee of the application, Splunk Inc. The search headtypically understands how to use that language to obtain data from theindexers, which store data in a format used by the SPLUNK® Enterprisesystem.

The ERP processes support the search head, as the search head is notordinarily configured to understand the format in which data is storedin external data sources such as Hadoop or SQL data systems. Rather, theERP process performs that translation from the query submitted in thesearch support system's native format (e.g., SPL if SPLUNK® ENTERPRISEis used as the search support system) to a search query request formatthat will be accepted by the corresponding external data system. Theexternal data system typically stores data in a different format fromthat of the search support system's native index format, and it utilizesa different query language (e.g., SQL or MapReduce, rather than SPL orthe like).

As noted, the ERP process can operate in the streaming mode alone. Afterthe ERP process has performed the translation of the query request andreceived raw results from the streaming mode, the search head canintegrate the returned data with any data obtained from local datasources (e.g., native to the search support system), other external datasources, and other ERP processes (if such operations were required tosatisfy the terms of the search query). An advantage of mixed modeoperation is that, in addition to streaming mode, the ERP process isalso executing concurrently in reporting mode. Thus, the ERP process(rather than the search head) is processing query results (e.g.,performing event breaking, timestamping, filtering, possibly calculatingstatistics if required to be responsive to the search query request,etc.). It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that additionaltime is needed for the ERP process to perform the processing in such aconfiguration. Therefore, the streaming mode will allow the search headto start returning interim results to the user at the client devicebefore the ERP process can complete sufficient processing to startreturning any search results. The switchover between streaming andreporting mode happens when the ERP process determines that theswitchover is appropriate, such as when the ERP process determines itcan begin returning meaningful results from its reporting mode.

The operation described above illustrates the source of operationallatency: streaming mode has low latency (immediate results) and usuallyhas relatively low bandwidth (fewer results can be returned per unit oftime). In contrast, the concurrently running reporting mode hasrelatively high latency (it has to perform a lot more processing beforereturning any results) and usually has relatively high bandwidth (moreresults can be processed per unit of time). For example, when the ERPprocess does begin returning report results, it returns more processedresults than in the streaming mode, because, e.g., statistics only needto be calculated to be responsive to the search request. That is, theERP process doesn't have to take time to first return machine data tothe search head. As noted, the ERP process could be configured tooperate in streaming mode alone and return just the machine data for thesearch head to process in a way that is responsive to the searchrequest. Alternatively, the ERP process can be configured to operate inthe reporting mode only. Also, the ERP process can be configured tooperate in streaming mode and reporting mode concurrently, as described,with the ERP process stopping the transmission of streaming results tothe search head when the concurrently running reporting mode has caughtup and started providing results. The reporting mode does not requirethe processing of all machine data that is responsive to the searchquery request before the ERP process starts returning results; rather,the reporting mode usually performs processing of chunks of events andreturns the processing results to the search head for each chunk.

For example, an ERP process can be configured to merely return thecontents of a search result file verbatim, with little or no processingof results. That way, the search head performs all processing (such asparsing byte streams into events, filtering, etc.). The ERP process canbe configured to perform additional intelligence, such as analyzing thesearch request and handling all the computation that a native searchindexer process would otherwise perform. In this way, the configured ERPprocess provides greater flexibility in features while operatingaccording to desired preferences, such as response latency and resourcerequirements.

2.7. Data Ingestion

FIG. 5A is a flow chart of an example method that illustrates howindexers process, index, and store data received from forwarders, inaccordance with example embodiments. The data flow illustrated in FIG.5A is provided for illustrative purposes only; those skilled in the artwould understand that one or more of the steps of the processesillustrated in FIG. 5A may be removed or that the ordering of the stepsmay be changed. Furthermore, for the purposes of illustrating a clearexample, one or more particular system components are described in thecontext of performing various operations during each of the data flowstages. For example, a forwarder is described as receiving andprocessing machine data during an input phase; an indexer is describedas parsing and indexing machine data during parsing and indexing phases;and a search head is described as performing a search query during asearch phase. However, other system arrangements and distributions ofthe processing steps across system components may be used.

2.7.1. Input

At block 502, a forwarder receives data from an input source, such as adata source 202 shown in FIG. 2. A forwarder initially may receive thedata as a raw data stream generated by the input source. For example, aforwarder may receive a data stream from a log file generated by anapplication server, from a stream of network data from a network device,or from any other source of data. In some embodiments, a forwarderreceives the raw data and may segment the data stream into “blocks”,possibly of a uniform data size, to facilitate subsequent processingsteps.

At block 504, a forwarder or other system component annotates each blockgenerated from the raw data with one or more metadata fields. Thesemetadata fields may, for example, provide information related to thedata block as a whole and may apply to each event that is subsequentlyderived from the data in the data block. For example, the metadatafields may include separate fields specifying each of a host, a source,and a source type related to the data block. A host field may contain avalue identifying a host name or IP address of a device that generatedthe data. A source field may contain a value identifying a source of thedata, such as a pathname of a file or a protocol and port related toreceived network data. A source type field may contain a valuespecifying a particular source type label for the data. Additionalmetadata fields may also be included during the input phase, such as acharacter encoding of the data, if known, and possibly other values thatprovide information relevant to later processing steps. In someembodiments, a forwarder forwards the annotated data blocks to anothersystem component (typically an indexer) for further processing.

The data intake and query system allows forwarding of data from one dataintake and query instance to another, or even to a third-party system.The data intake and query system can employ different types offorwarders in a configuration.

In some embodiments, a forwarder may contain the essential componentsneeded to forward data. A forwarder can gather data from a variety ofinputs and forward the data to an indexer for indexing and searching. Aforwarder can also tag metadata (e.g., source, source type, host, etc.).

In some embodiments, a forwarder has the capabilities of theaforementioned forwarder as well as additional capabilities. Theforwarder can parse data before forwarding the data (e.g., can associatea time stamp with a portion of data and create an event, etc.) and canroute data based on criteria such as source or type of event. Theforwarder can also index data locally while forwarding the data toanother indexer.

2.7.2. Parsing

At block 506, an indexer receives data blocks from a forwarder andparses the data to organize the data into events. In some embodiments,to organize the data into events, an indexer may determine a source typeassociated with each data block (e.g., by extracting a source type labelfrom the metadata fields associated with the data block, etc.) and referto a source type configuration corresponding to the identified sourcetype. The source type definition may include one or more properties thatindicate to the indexer to automatically determine the boundaries withinthe received data that indicate the portions of machine data for events.In general, these properties may include regular expression-based rulesor delimiter rules where, for example, event boundaries may be indicatedby predefined characters or character strings. These predefinedcharacters may include punctuation marks or other special charactersincluding, for example, carriage returns, tabs, spaces, line breaks,etc. If a source type for the data is unknown to the indexer, an indexermay infer a source type for the data by examining the structure of thedata. Then, the indexer can apply an inferred source type definition tothe data to create the events.

At block 508, the indexer determines a timestamp for each event. Similarto the process for parsing machine data, an indexer may again refer to asource type definition associated with the data to locate one or moreproperties that indicate instructions for determining a timestamp foreach event. The properties may, for example, instruct an indexer toextract a time value from a portion of data for the event, tointerpolate time values based on timestamps associated with temporallyproximate events, to create a timestamp based on a time the portion ofmachine data was received or generated, to use the timestamp of aprevious event, or use any other rules for determining timestamps.

At block 510, the indexer associates with each event one or moremetadata fields including a field containing the timestamp determinedfor the event. In some embodiments, a timestamp may be included in themetadata fields. These metadata fields may include any number of“default fields” that are associated with all events, and may alsoinclude one more custom fields as defined by a user. Similar to themetadata fields associated with the data blocks at block 504, thedefault metadata fields associated with each event may include a host,source, and source type field including or in addition to a fieldstoring the timestamp.

At block 512, an indexer may optionally apply one or moretransformations to data included in the events created at block 506. Forexample, such transformations can include removing a portion of an event(e.g., a portion used to define event boundaries, extraneous charactersfrom the event, other extraneous text, etc.), masking a portion of anevent (e.g., masking a credit card number), removing redundant portionsof an event, etc. The transformations applied to events may, forexample, be specified in one or more configuration files and referencedby one or more source type definitions.

FIG. 5C illustrates an illustrative example of machine data can bestored in a data store in accordance with various disclosed embodiments.In other embodiments, machine data can be stored in a flat file in acorresponding bucket with an associated index file, such as a timeseries index or “TSIDX.” As such, the depiction of machine data andassociated metadata as rows and columns in the table of FIG. 5C ismerely illustrative and is not intended to limit the data format inwhich the machine data and metadata is stored in various embodimentsdescribed herein. In one particular embodiment, machine data can bestored in a compressed or encrypted formatted. In such embodiments, themachine data can be stored with or be associated with data thatdescribes the compression or encryption scheme with which the machinedata is stored. The information about the compression or encryptionscheme can be used to decompress or decrypt the machine data, and anymetadata with which it is stored, at search time.

As mentioned above, certain metadata, e.g., host 536, source 537, sourcetype 538 and timestamps 535 can be generated for each event, andassociated with a corresponding portion of machine data 539 when storingthe event data in a data store, e.g., data store 208. Any of themetadata can be extracted from the corresponding machine data, orsupplied or defined by an entity, such as a user or computer system. Themetadata fields can become part of or stored with the event. Note thatwhile the time-stamp metadata field can be extracted from the raw dataof each event, the values for the other metadata fields may bedetermined by the indexer based on information it receives pertaining tothe source of the data separate from the machine data.

While certain default or user-defined metadata fields can be extractedfrom the machine data for indexing purposes, all the machine data withinan event can be maintained in its original condition. As such, inembodiments in which the portion of machine data included in an event isunprocessed or otherwise unaltered, it is referred to herein as aportion of raw machine data. In other embodiments, the port of machinedata in an event can be processed or otherwise altered. As such, unlesscertain information needs to be removed for some reasons (e.g.extraneous information, confidential information), all the raw machinedata contained in an event can be preserved and saved in its originalform. Accordingly, the data store in which the event records are storedis sometimes referred to as a “raw record data store.” The raw recorddata store contains a record of the raw event data tagged with thevarious default fields.

In FIG. 5C, the first three rows of the table represent events 531, 532,and 533 and are related to a server access log that records requestsfrom multiple clients processed by a server, as indicated by entry of“access.log” in the source column 536.

In the example shown in FIG. 5C, each of the events 531-534 isassociated with a discrete request made from a client device. The rawmachine data generated by the server and extracted from a server accesslog can include the IP address of the client 540, the user id of theperson requesting the document 541, the time the server finishedprocessing the request 542, the request line from the client 543, thestatus code returned by the server to the client 545, the size of theobject returned to the client (in this case, the gif file requested bythe client) 546 and the time spent to serve the request in microseconds544. As seen in FIG. 5C, all the raw machine data retrieved from theserver access log is retained and stored as part of the correspondingevents, 1221, 1222, and 1223 in the data store.

Event 534 is associated with an entry in a server error log, asindicated by “error.log” in the source column 537, that records errorsthat the server encountered when processing a client request. Similar tothe events related to the server access log, all the raw machine data inthe error log file pertaining to event 534 can be preserved and storedas part of the event 534.

Saving minimally processed or unprocessed machine data in a data storeassociated with metadata fields in the manner similar to that shown inFIG. 5C is advantageous because it allows search of all the machine dataat search time instead of searching only previously specified andidentified fields or field-value pairs. As mentioned above, because datastructures used by various embodiments of the present disclosuremaintain the underlying raw machine data and use a late-binding schemafor searching the raw machines data, it enables a user to continueinvestigating and learn valuable insights about the raw data. In otherwords, the user is not compelled to know about all the fields ofinformation that will be needed at data ingestion time. As a user learnsmore about the data in the events, the user can continue to refine thelate-binding schema by defining new extraction rules, or modifying ordeleting existing extraction rules used by the system.

2.7.3. Indexing

At blocks 514 and 516, an indexer can optionally generate a keywordindex to facilitate fast keyword searching for events. To build akeyword index, at block 514, the indexer identifies a set of keywords ineach event. At block 516, the indexer includes the identified keywordsin an index, which associates each stored keyword with referencepointers to events containing that keyword (or to locations withinevents where that keyword is located, other location identifiers, etc.).When an indexer subsequently receives a keyword-based query, the indexercan access the keyword index to quickly identify events containing thekeyword.

In some embodiments, the keyword index may include entries for fieldname-value pairs found in events, where a field name-value pair caninclude a pair of keywords connected by a symbol, such as an equals signor colon. This way, events containing these field name-value pairs canbe quickly located. In some embodiments, fields can automatically begenerated for some or all of the field names of the field name-valuepairs at the time of indexing. For example, if the string“dest=10.0.1.2” is found in an event, a field named “dest” may becreated for the event, and assigned a value of “10.0.1.2”.

At block 518, the indexer stores the events with an associated timestampin a data store 208. Timestamps enable a user to search for events basedon a time range. In some embodiments, the stored events are organizedinto “buckets,” where each bucket stores events associated with aspecific time range based on the timestamps associated with each event.This improves time-based searching, as well as allows for events withrecent timestamps, which may have a higher likelihood of being accessed,to be stored in a faster memory to facilitate faster retrieval. Forexample, buckets containing the most recent events can be stored inflash memory rather than on a hard disk. In some embodiments, eachbucket may be associated with an identifier, a time range, and a sizeconstraint.

Each indexer 206 may be responsible for storing and searching a subsetof the events contained in a corresponding data store 208. Bydistributing events among the indexers and data stores, the indexers cananalyze events for a query in parallel. For example, using map-reducetechniques, each indexer returns partial responses for a subset ofevents to a search head that combines the results to produce an answerfor the query. By storing events in buckets for specific time ranges, anindexer may further optimize the data retrieval process by searchingbuckets corresponding to time ranges that are relevant to a query.

In some embodiments, each indexer has a home directory and a colddirectory. The home directory of an indexer stores hot buckets and warmbuckets, and the cold directory of an indexer stores cold buckets. A hotbucket is a bucket that is capable of receiving and storing events. Awarm bucket is a bucket that can no longer receive events for storagebut has not yet been moved to the cold directory. A cold bucket is abucket that can no longer receive events and may be a bucket that waspreviously stored in the home directory. The home directory may bestored in faster memory, such as flash memory, as events may be activelywritten to the home directory, and the home directory may typicallystore events that are more frequently searched and thus are accessedmore frequently. The cold directory may be stored in slower and/orlarger memory, such as a hard disk, as events are no longer beingwritten to the cold directory, and the cold directory may typicallystore events that are not as frequently searched and thus are accessedless frequently. In some embodiments, an indexer may also have aquarantine bucket that contains events having potentially inaccurateinformation, such as an incorrect time stamp associated with the eventor a time stamp that appears to be an unreasonable time stamp for thecorresponding event. The quarantine bucket may have events from any timerange; as such, the quarantine bucket may always be searched at searchtime. Additionally, an indexer may store old, archived data in a frozenbucket that is not capable of being searched at search time. In someembodiments, a frozen bucket may be stored in slower and/or largermemory, such as a hard disk, and may be stored in offline and/or remotestorage.

Moreover, events and buckets can also be replicated across differentindexers and data stores to facilitate high availability and disasterrecovery as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,130,971, entitled “Site-BasedSearch Affinity”, issued on 8 Sep. 2015, and in U.S. patent Ser. No.14/266,817, entitled “Multi-Site Clustering”, issued on 1 Sep. 2015,each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety forall purposes.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an example data store 501 that includes adirectory for each index (or partition) that contains a portion of datamanaged by an indexer. FIG. 5B further illustrates details of anembodiment of an inverted index 507B and an event reference array 515associated with inverted index 507B.

The data store 501 can correspond to a data store 208 that stores eventsmanaged by an indexer 206 or can correspond to a different data storeassociated with an indexer 206. In the illustrated embodiment, the datastore 501 includes a _main directory 503 associated with a main indexand a test directory 505 associated with a _test index. However, thedata store 501 can include fewer or more directories. In someembodiments, multiple indexes can share a single directory or allindexes can share a common directory. Additionally, although illustratedas a single data store 501, it will be understood that the data store501 can be implemented as multiple data stores storing differentportions of the information shown in FIG. 5B. For example, a singleindex or partition can span multiple directories or multiple datastores, and can be indexed or searched by multiple correspondingindexers.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, the index-specific directories503 and 505 include inverted indexes 507A, 507B and 509A, 509B,respectively. The inverted indexes 507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509Bcan be keyword indexes or field-value pair indexes described herein andcan include less or more information that depicted in FIG. 5B.

In some embodiments, the inverted index 507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . .509B can correspond to a distinct time-series bucket that is managed bythe indexer 206 and that contains events corresponding to the relevantindex (e.g., _main index, _test index). As such, each inverted index cancorrespond to a particular range of time for an index. Additional files,such as high performance indexes for each time-series bucket of anindex, can also be stored in the same directory as the inverted indexes507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B. In some embodiments inverted index507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B can correspond to multipletime-series buckets or inverted indexes 507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . .509B can correspond to a single time-series bucket.

Each inverted index 507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B can include oneor more entries, such as keyword (or token) entries or field-value pairentries. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the inverted indexes 507A. . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B can include additional information, suchas a time range 523 associated with the inverted index or an indexidentifier 525 identifying the index associated with the inverted index507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B. However, each inverted index 507A. . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B can include less or more informationthan depicted.

Token entries, such as token entries 511 illustrated in inverted index507B, can include a token 511A (e.g., “error,” “itemID,” etc.) and eventreferences 511B indicative of events that include the token. Forexample, for the token “error,” the corresponding token entry includesthe token “error” and an event reference, or unique identifier, for eachevent stored in the corresponding time-series bucket that includes thetoken “error.” In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, the error tokenentry includes the identifiers 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, and 12 corresponding toevents managed by the indexer 206 and associated with the index _main503 that are located in the time-series bucket associated with theinverted index 507B.

In some cases, some token entries can be default entries, automaticallydetermined entries, or user specified entries. In some embodiments, theindexer 206 can identify each word or string in an event as a distincttoken and generate a token entry for it. In some cases, the indexer 206can identify the beginning and ending of tokens based on punctuation,spaces, as described in greater detail herein. In certain cases, theindexer 206 can rely on user input or a configuration file to identifytokens for token entries 511, etc. It will be understood that anycombination of token entries can be included as a default, automaticallydetermined, a or included based on user-specified criteria.

Similarly, field-value pair entries, such as field-value pair entries513 shown in inverted index 507B, can include a field-value pair 513Aand event references 513B indicative of events that include a fieldvalue that corresponds to the field-value pair. For example, for afield-value pair sourcetype::sendmail, a field-value pair entry wouldinclude the field-value pair sourcetype::sendmail and a uniqueidentifier, or event reference, for each event stored in thecorresponding time-series bucket that includes a sendmail sourcetype.

In some cases, the field-value pair entries 513 can be default entries,automatically determined entries, or user specified entries. As anon-limiting example, the field-value pair entries for the fields host,source, sourcetype can be included in the inverted indexes 507A . . .507B, and 509A . . . 509B as a default. As such, all of the invertedindexes 507A . . . 507B, and 509A . . . 509B can include field-valuepair entries for the fields host, source, sourcetype. As yet anothernon-limiting example, the field-value pair entries for the IP_addressfield can be user specified and may only appear in the inverted index507B based on user-specified criteria. As another non-limiting example,as the indexer indexes the events, it can automatically identifyfield-value pairs and create field-value pair entries. For example,based on the indexers review of events, it can identify IP_address as afield in each event and add the IP_address field-value pair entries tothe inverted index 507B. It will be understood that any combination offield-value pair entries can be included as a default, automaticallydetermined, or included based on user-specified criteria.

Each unique identifier 517, or event reference, can correspond to aunique event located in the time series bucket. However, the same eventreference can be located in multiple entries. For example if an eventhas a sourcetype splunkd, host www1 and token “warning,” then the uniqueidentifier for the event will appear in the field-value pair entriessourcetype::splunkd and host::www1, as well as the token entry“warning.” With reference to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B andthe event that corresponds to the event reference 3, the event reference3 is found in the field-value pair entries 513 host::hostA,source::sourceB, sourcetype::sourcetypeA, and IP_address::91.205.189.15indicating that the event corresponding to the event references is fromhostA, sourceB, of sourcetypeA, and includes 91.205.189.15 in the eventdata.

For some fields, the unique identifier is located in only onefield-value pair entry for a particular field. For example, the invertedindex may include four sourcetype field-value pair entries correspondingto four different sourcetypes of the events stored in a bucket (e.g.,sourcetypes:sendmail, splunkd, web_access, and web service). Withinthose four sourcetype field-value pair entries, an identifier for aparticular event may appear in only one of the field-value pair entries.With continued reference to the example illustrated embodiment of FIG.5B, since the event reference 7 appears in the field-value pair entrysourcetype::sourcetypeA, then it does not appear in the otherfield-value pair entries for the sourcetype field, includingsourcetype::sourcetypeB, sourcetype::sourcetypeC, andsourcetype::sourcetypeD.

The event references 517 can be used to locate the events in thecorresponding bucket. For example, the inverted index can include, or beassociated with, an event reference array 515. The event reference array515 can include an array entry 517 for each event reference in theinverted index 507B. Each array entry 517 can include locationinformation 519 of the event corresponding to the unique identifier(non-limiting example: seek address of the event), a timestamp 521associated with the event, or additional information regarding the eventassociated with the event reference, etc.

For each token entry 511 or field-value pair entry 513, the eventreference 501B or unique identifiers can be listed in chronologicalorder or the value of the event reference can be assigned based onchronological data, such as a timestamp associated with the eventreferenced by the event reference. For example, the event reference 1 inthe illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B can correspond to thefirst-in-time event for the bucket, and the event reference 12 cancorrespond to the last-in-time event for the bucket. However, the eventreferences can be listed in any order, such as reverse chronologicalorder, ascending order, descending order, or some other order, etc.Further, the entries can be sorted. For example, the entries can besorted alphabetically (collectively or within a particular group), byentry origin (e.g., default, automatically generated, user-specified,etc.), by entry type (e.g., field-value pair entry, token entry, etc.),or chronologically by when added to the inverted index, etc. In theillustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, the entries are sorted first by entrytype and then alphabetically.

As a non-limiting example of how the inverted indexes 507A . . . 507B,and 509A . . . 509B can be used during a data categorization requestcommand, the indexers can receive filter criteria indicating data thatis to be categorized and categorization criteria indicating how the datais to be categorized. Example filter criteria can include, but is notlimited to, indexes (or partitions), hosts, sources, sourcetypes, timeranges, field identifier, keywords, etc.

Using the filter criteria, the indexer identifies relevant invertedindexes to be searched. For example, if the filter criteria includes aset of partitions, the indexer can identify the inverted indexes storedin the directory corresponding to the particular partition as relevantinverted indexes. Other means can be used to identify inverted indexesassociated with a partition of interest. For example, in someembodiments, the indexer can review an entry in the inverted indexes,such as an index-value pair entry 513 to determine if a particularinverted index is relevant. If the filter criteria does not identify anypartition, then the indexer can identify all inverted indexes managed bythe indexer as relevant inverted indexes.

Similarly, if the filter criteria includes a time range, the indexer canidentify inverted indexes corresponding to buckets that satisfy at leasta portion of the time range as relevant inverted indexes. For example,if the time range is last hour then the indexer can identify allinverted indexes that correspond to buckets storing events associatedwith timestamps within the last hour as relevant inverted indexes.

When used in combination, an index filter criterion specifying one ormore partitions and a time range filter criterion specifying aparticular time range can be used to identify a subset of invertedindexes within a particular directory (or otherwise associated with aparticular partition) as relevant inverted indexes. As such, the indexercan focus the processing to only a subset of the total number ofinverted indexes that the indexer manages.

Once the relevant inverted indexes are identified, the indexer canreview them using any additional filter criteria to identify events thatsatisfy the filter criteria. In some cases, using the known location ofthe directory in which the relevant inverted indexes are located, theindexer can determine that any events identified using the relevantinverted indexes satisfy an index filter criterion. For example, if thefilter criteria includes a partition main, then the indexer candetermine that any events identified using inverted indexes within thepartition main directory (or otherwise associated with the partitionmain) satisfy the index filter criterion.

Furthermore, based on the time range associated with each invertedindex, the indexer can determine that that any events identified using aparticular inverted index satisfies a time range filter criterion. Forexample, if a time range filter criterion is for the last hour and aparticular inverted index corresponds to events within a time range of50 minutes ago to 35 minutes ago, the indexer can determine that anyevents identified using the particular inverted index satisfy the timerange filter criterion. Conversely, if the particular inverted indexcorresponds to events within a time range of 59 minutes ago to 62minutes ago, the indexer can determine that some events identified usingthe particular inverted index may not satisfy the time range filtercriterion.

Using the inverted indexes, the indexer can identify event references(and therefore events) that satisfy the filter criteria. For example, ifthe token “error” is a filter criterion, the indexer can track all eventreferences within the token entry “error.” Similarly, the indexer canidentify other event references located in other token entries orfield-value pair entries that match the filter criteria. The system canidentify event references located in all of the entries identified bythe filter criteria. For example, if the filter criteria include thetoken “error” and field-value pair sourcetype::web_ui, the indexer cantrack the event references found in both the token entry “error” and thefield-value pair entry sourcetype::web_ui. As mentioned previously, insome cases, such as when multiple values are identified for a particularfilter criterion (e.g., multiple sources for a source filter criterion),the system can identify event references located in at least one of theentries corresponding to the multiple values and in all other entriesidentified by the filter criteria. The indexer can determine that theevents associated with the identified event references satisfy thefilter criteria.

In some cases, the indexer can further consult a timestamp associatedwith the event reference to determine whether an event satisfies thefilter criteria. For example, if an inverted index corresponds to a timerange that is partially outside of a time range filter criterion, thenthe indexer can consult a timestamp associated with the event referenceto determine whether the corresponding event satisfies the time rangecriterion. In some embodiments, to identify events that satisfy a timerange, the indexer can review an array, such as the event referencearray 1614 that identifies the time associated with the events.Furthermore, as mentioned above using the known location of thedirectory in which the relevant inverted indexes are located (or otherindex identifier), the indexer can determine that any events identifiedusing the relevant inverted indexes satisfy the index filter criterion.

In some cases, based on the filter criteria, the indexer reviews anextraction rule. In certain embodiments, if the filter criteria includesa field name that does not correspond to a field-value pair entry in aninverted index, the indexer can review an extraction rule, which may belocated in a configuration file, to identify a field that corresponds toa field-value pair entry in the inverted index.

For example, the filter criteria includes a field name “sessionID” andthe indexer determines that at least one relevant inverted index doesnot include a field-value pair entry corresponding to the field namesessionID, the indexer can review an extraction rule that identifies howthe sessionID field is to be extracted from a particular host, source,or sourcetype (implicitly identifying the particular host, source, orsourcetype that includes a sessionID field). The indexer can replace thefield name “sessionID” in the filter criteria with the identified host,source, or sourcetype. In some cases, the field name “sessionID” may beassociated with multiples hosts, sources, or sourcetypes, in which case,all identified hosts, sources, and sourcetypes can be added as filtercriteria. In some cases, the identified host, source, or sourcetype canreplace or be appended to a filter criterion, or be excluded. Forexample, if the filter criteria includes a criterion for source S1 andthe “sessionID” field is found in source S2, the source S2 can replaceS1 in the filter criteria, be appended such that the filter criteriaincludes source S1 and source S2, or be excluded based on the presenceof the filter criterion source S1. If the identified host, source, orsourcetype is included in the filter criteria, the indexer can thenidentify a field-value pair entry in the inverted index that includes afield value corresponding to the identity of the particular host,source, or sourcetype identified using the extraction rule.

Once the events that satisfy the filter criteria are identified, thesystem, such as the indexer 206 can categorize the results based on thecategorization criteria. The categorization criteria can includecategories for grouping the results, such as any combination ofpartition, source, sourcetype, or host, or other categories or fields asdesired.

The indexer can use the categorization criteria to identifycategorization criteria-value pairs or categorization criteria values bywhich to categorize or group the results. The categorizationcriteria-value pairs can correspond to one or more field-value pairentries stored in a relevant inverted index, one or more index-valuepairs based on a directory in which the inverted index is located or anentry in the inverted index (or other means by which an inverted indexcan be associated with a partition), or other criteria-value pair thatidentifies a general category and a particular value for that category.The categorization criteria values can correspond to the value portionof the categorization criteria-value pair.

As mentioned, in some cases, the categorization criteria-value pairs cancorrespond to one or more field-value pair entries stored in therelevant inverted indexes. For example, the categorizationcriteria-value pairs can correspond to field-value pair entries of host,source, and sourcetype (or other field-value pair entry as desired). Forinstance, if there are ten different hosts, four different sources, andfive different sourcetypes for an inverted index, then the invertedindex can include ten host field-value pair entries, four sourcefield-value pair entries, and five sourcetype field-value pair entries.The indexer can use the nineteen distinct field-value pair entries ascategorization criteria-value pairs to group the results.

Specifically, the indexer can identify the location of the eventreferences associated with the events that satisfy the filter criteriawithin the field-value pairs, and group the event references based ontheir location. As such, the indexer can identify the particular fieldvalue associated with the event corresponding to the event reference.For example, if the categorization criteria include host and sourcetype,the host field-value pair entries and sourcetype field-value pairentries can be used as categorization criteria-value pairs to identifythe specific host and sourcetype associated with the events that satisfythe filter criteria.

In addition, as mentioned, categorization criteria-value pairs cancorrespond to data other than the field-value pair entries in therelevant inverted indexes. For example, if partition or index is used asa categorization criterion, the inverted indexes may not includepartition field-value pair entries. Rather, the indexer can identify thecategorization criteria-value pair associated with the partition basedon the directory in which an inverted index is located, information inthe inverted index, or other information that associates the invertedindex with the partition, etc. As such a variety of methods can be usedto identify the categorization criteria-value pairs from thecategorization criteria.

Accordingly based on the categorization criteria (and categorizationcriteria-value pairs), the indexer can generate groupings based on theevents that satisfy the filter criteria. As a non-limiting example, ifthe categorization criteria includes a partition and sourcetype, thenthe groupings can correspond to events that are associated with eachunique combination of partition and sourcetype. For instance, if thereare three different partitions and two different sourcetypes associatedwith the identified events, then the six different groups can be formed,each with a unique partition value-sourcetype value combination.Similarly, if the categorization criteria includes partition,sourcetype, and host and there are two different partitions, threesourcetypes, and five hosts associated with the identified events, thenthe indexer can generate up to thirty groups for the results thatsatisfy the filter criteria. Each group can be associated with a uniquecombination of categorization criteria-value pairs (e.g., uniquecombinations of partition value sourcetype value, and host value).

In addition, the indexer can count the number of events associated witheach group based on the number of events that meet the uniquecombination of categorization criteria for a particular group (or matchthe categorization criteria-value pairs for the particular group). Withcontinued reference to the example above, the indexer can count thenumber of events that meet the unique combination of partition,sourcetype, and host for a particular group.

Each indexer communicates the groupings to the search head. The searchhead can aggregate the groupings from the indexers and provide thegroupings for display. In some cases, the groups are displayed based onat least one of the host, source, sourcetype, or partition associatedwith the groupings. In some embodiments, the search head can furtherdisplay the groups based on display criteria, such as a display order ora sort order as described in greater detail above.

As a non-limiting example and with reference to FIG. 5B, consider arequest received by an indexer 206 that includes the following filtercriteria: keyword=error, partition=main, time range=3/1/1716:22.00.000-16:28.00.000, sourcetype=sourcetypeC, host=hostB, and thefollowing categorization criteria: source.

Based on the above criteria, the indexer 206 identifies _main directory503 and can ignore _test directory 505 and any other partition-specificdirectories. The indexer determines that inverted partition 507B is arelevant partition based on its location within the _main directory 503and the time range associated with it. For sake of simplicity in thisexample, the indexer 206 determines that no other inverted indexes inthe main directory 503, such as inverted index 507A satisfy the timerange criterion.

Having identified the relevant inverted index 507B, the indexer reviewsthe token entries 511 and the field-value pair entries 513 to identifyevent references, or events, that satisfy all of the filter criteria.

With respect to the token entries 511, the indexer can review the errortoken entry and identify event references 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, indicatingthat the term “error” is found in the corresponding events. Similarly,the indexer can identify event references 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 in thefield-value pair entry sourcetype::sourcetypeC and event references 2,5, 6, 8, 10, 11 in the field-value pair entry host::hostB. As the filtercriteria did not include a source or an IP_address field-value pair, theindexer can ignore those field-value pair entries.

In addition to identifying event references found in at least one tokenentry or field-value pair entry (e.g., event references 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,9, 10, 11, 12), the indexer can identify events (and corresponding eventreferences) that satisfy the time range criterion using the eventreference array 1614 (e.g., event references 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10). Using the information obtained from the inverted index 507B(including the event reference array 515), the indexer 206 can identifythe event references that satisfy all of the filter criteria (e.g.,event references 5, 6, 8).

Having identified the events (and event references) that satisfy all ofthe filter criteria, the indexer 206 can group the event referencesusing the received categorization criteria (source). In doing so, theindexer can determine that event references 5 and 6 are located in thefield-value pair entry source::sourceD (or have matching categorizationcriteria-value pairs) and event reference 8 is located in thefield-value pair entry source::sourceC. Accordingly, the indexer cangenerate a sourceC group having a count of one corresponding toreference 8 and a sourceD group having a count of two corresponding toreferences 5 and 6. This information can be communicated to the searchhead. In turn the search head can aggregate the results from the variousindexers and display the groupings. As mentioned above, in someembodiments, the groupings can be displayed based at least in part onthe categorization criteria, including at least one of host, source,sourcetype, or partition.

It will be understood that a change to any of the filter criteria orcategorization criteria can result in different groupings. As a onenon-limiting example, a request received by an indexer 206 that includesthe following filter criteria: partition=_main, time range=3/1/17 3/1/1716:21:20.000-16:28:17.000, and the following categorization criteria:host, source, sourcetype would result in the indexer identifying eventreferences 1-12 as satisfying the filter criteria. The indexer wouldthen generate up to 24 groupings corresponding to the 24 differentcombinations of the categorization criteria-value pairs, including host(hostA, hostB), source (sourceA, sourceB, sourceC, sourceD), andsourcetype (sourcetypeA, sourcetypeB, sourcetypeC). However, as thereare only twelve events identifiers in the illustrated embodiment andsome fall into the same grouping, the indexer generates eight groups andcounts as follows:

Group 1 (hostA, sourceA, sourcetypeA): 1 (event reference 7)

Group 2 (hostA, sourceA, sourcetypeB): 2 (event references 1, 12)

Group 3 (hostA, sourceA, sourcetypeC): 1 (event reference 4)

Group 4 (hostA, sourceB, sourcetypeA): 1 (event reference 3)

Group 5 (hostA, sourceB, sourcetypeC): 1 (event reference 9)

Group 6 (hostB, sourceC, sourcetypeA): 1 (event reference 2)

Group 7 (hostB, sourceC, sourcetypeC): 2 (event references 8, 11)

Group 8 (hostB, sourceD, sourcetypeC): 3 (event references 5, 6, 10)

As noted, each group has a unique combination of categorizationcriteria-value pairs or categorization criteria values. The indexercommunicates the groups to the search head for aggregation with resultsreceived from other indexers. In communicating the groups to the searchhead, the indexer can include the categorization criteria-value pairsfor each group and the count. In some embodiments, the indexer caninclude more or less information. For example, the indexer can includethe event references associated with each group and other identifyinginformation, such as the indexer or inverted index used to identify thegroups.

As another non-limiting examples, a request received by an indexer 206that includes the following filter criteria: partition=main, timerange=3/1/17 3/1/17 16:21:20.000-16:28:17.000, source=sourceA, sourceD,and keyword=itemID and the following categorization criteria: host,source, sourcetype would result in the indexer identifying eventreferences 4, 7, and 10 as satisfying the filter criteria, and generatethe following groups:

Group 1 (hostA, sourceA, sourcetypeC): 1 (event reference 4)

Group 2 (hostA, sourceA, sourcetypeA): 1 (event reference 7)

Group 3 (hostB, sourceD, sourcetypeC): 1 (event references 10)

The indexer communicates the groups to the search head for aggregationwith results received from other indexers. As will be understand thereare myriad ways for filtering and categorizing the events and eventreferences. For example, the indexer can review multiple invertedindexes associated with an partition or review the inverted indexes ofmultiple partitions, and categorize the data using any one or anycombination of partition, host, source, sourcetype, or other category,as desired.

Further, if a user interacts with a particular group, the indexer canprovide additional information regarding the group. For example, theindexer can perform a targeted search or sampling of the events thatsatisfy the filter criteria and the categorization criteria for theselected group, also referred to as the filter criteria corresponding tothe group or filter criteria associated with the group.

In some cases, to provide the additional information, the indexer relieson the inverted index. For example, the indexer can identify the eventreferences associated with the events that satisfy the filter criteriaand the categorization criteria for the selected group and then use theevent reference array 515 to access some or all of the identifiedevents. In some cases, the categorization criteria values orcategorization criteria-value pairs associated with the group becomepart of the filter criteria for the review.

With reference to FIG. 5B for instance, suppose a group is displayedwith a count of six corresponding to event references 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11(i.e., event references 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 satisfy the filter criteriaand are associated with matching categorization criteria values orcategorization criteria-value pairs) and a user interacts with the group(e.g., selecting the group, clicking on the group, etc.). In response,the search head communicates with the indexer to provide additionalinformation regarding the group.

In some embodiments, the indexer identifies the event referencesassociated with the group using the filter criteria and thecategorization criteria for the group (e.g., categorization criteriavalues or categorization criteria-value pairs unique to the group).Together, the filter criteria and the categorization criteria for thegroup can be referred to as the filter criteria associated with thegroup. Using the filter criteria associated with the group, the indexeridentifies event references 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11.

Based on a sampling criteria, discussed in greater detail above, theindexer can determine that it will analyze a sample of the eventsassociated with the event references 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11. For example,the sample can include analyzing event data associated with the eventreferences 5, 8, 10. In some embodiments, the indexer can use the eventreference array 1616 to access the event data associated with the eventreferences 5, 8, 10. Once accessed, the indexer can compile the relevantinformation and provide it to the search head for aggregation withresults from other indexers. By identifying events and sampling eventdata using the inverted indexes, the indexer can reduce the amount ofactual data this is analyzed and the number of events that are accessedin order to generate the summary of the group and provide a response inless time.

2.8. Query Processing

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram of an example method that illustrates how asearch head and indexers perform a search query, in accordance withexample embodiments. At block 602, a search head receives a search queryfrom a client. At block 604, the search head analyzes the search queryto determine what portion(s) of the query can be delegated to indexersand what portions of the query can be executed locally by the searchhead. At block 606, the search head distributes the determined portionsof the query to the appropriate indexers. In some embodiments, a searchhead cluster may take the place of an independent search head where eachsearch head in the search head cluster coordinates with peer searchheads in the search head cluster to schedule jobs, replicate searchresults, update configurations, fulfill search requests, etc. In someembodiments, the search head (or each search head) communicates with amaster node (also known as a cluster master, not shown in FIG. 2) thatprovides the search head with a list of indexers to which the searchhead can distribute the determined portions of the query. The masternode maintains a list of active indexers and can also designate whichindexers may have responsibility for responding to queries over certainsets of events. A search head may communicate with the master nodebefore the search head distributes queries to indexers to discover theaddresses of active indexers.

At block 608, the indexers to which the query was distributed, searchdata stores associated with them for events that are responsive to thequery. To determine which events are responsive to the query, theindexer searches for events that match the criteria specified in thequery. These criteria can include matching keywords or specific valuesfor certain fields. The searching operations at block 608 may use thelate-binding schema to extract values for specified fields from eventsat the time the query is processed. In some embodiments, one or morerules for extracting field values may be specified as part of a sourcetype definition in a configuration file. The indexers may then eithersend the relevant events back to the search head, or use the events todetermine a partial result, and send the partial result back to thesearch head.

At block 610, the search head combines the partial results and/or eventsreceived from the indexers to produce a final result for the query. Insome examples, the results of the query are indicative of performance orsecurity of the IT environment and may help improve the performance ofcomponents in the IT environment. This final result may comprisedifferent types of data depending on what the query requested. Forexample, the results can include a listing of matching events returnedby the query, or some type of visualization of the data from thereturned events. In another example, the final result can include one ormore calculated values derived from the matching events.

The results generated by the system 108 can be returned to a clientusing different techniques. For example, one technique streams resultsor relevant events back to a client in real-time as they are identified.Another technique waits to report the results to the client until acomplete set of results (which may include a set of relevant events or aresult based on relevant events) is ready to return to the client. Yetanother technique streams interim results or relevant events back to theclient in real-time until a complete set of results is ready, and thenreturns the complete set of results to the client. In another technique,certain results are stored as “search jobs” and the client may retrievethe results by referring the search jobs.

The search head can also perform various operations to make the searchmore efficient. For example, before the search head begins execution ofa query, the search head can determine a time range for the query and aset of common keywords that all matching events include. The search headmay then use these parameters to query the indexers to obtain a supersetof the eventual results. Then, during a filtering stage, the search headcan perform field-extraction operations on the superset to produce areduced set of search results. This speeds up queries, which may beparticularly helpful for queries that are performed on a periodic basis.

2.9. Pipelined Search Language

Various embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented using,or in conjunction with, a pipelined command language. A pipelinedcommand language is a language in which a set of inputs or data isoperated on by a first command in a sequence of commands, and thensubsequent commands in the order they are arranged in the sequence. Suchcommands can include any type of functionality for operating on data,such as retrieving, searching, filtering, aggregating, processing,transmitting, and the like. As described herein, a query can thus beformulated in a pipelined command language and include any number ofordered or unordered commands for operating on data.

Splunk Processing Language (SPL) is an example of a pipelined commandlanguage in which a set of inputs or data is operated on by any numberof commands in a particular sequence. A sequence of commands, or commandsequence, can be formulated such that the order in which the commandsare arranged defines the order in which the commands are applied to aset of data or the results of an earlier executed command. For example,a first command in a command sequence can operate to search or filterfor specific data in particular set of data. The results of the firstcommand can then be passed to another command listed later in thecommand sequence for further processing.

In various embodiments, a query can be formulated as a command sequencedefined in a command line of a search UI. In some embodiments, a querycan be formulated as a sequence of SPL commands. Some or all of the SPLcommands in the sequence of SPL commands can be separated from oneanother by a pipe symbol “|”. In such embodiments, a set of data, suchas a set of events, can be operated on by a first SPL command in thesequence, and then a subsequent SPL command following a pipe symbol “|”after the first SPL command operates on the results produced by thefirst SPL command or other set of data, and so on for any additional SPLcommands in the sequence. As such, a query formulated using SPLcomprises a series of consecutive commands that are delimited by pipe“|” characters. The pipe character indicates to the system that theoutput or result of one command (to the left of the pipe) should be usedas the input for one of the subsequent commands (to the right of thepipe). This enables formulation of queries defined by a pipeline ofsequenced commands that refines or enhances the data at each step alongthe pipeline until the desired results are attained. Accordingly,various embodiments described herein can be implemented with SplunkProcessing Language (SPL) used in conjunction with the SPLUNK®ENTERPRISE system.

While a query can be formulated in many ways, a query can start with asearch command and one or more corresponding search terms at thebeginning of the pipeline. Such search terms can include any combinationof keywords, phrases, times, dates, Boolean expressions, fieldname-fieldvalue pairs, etc. that specify which results should be obtained from anindex. The results can then be passed as inputs into subsequent commandsin a sequence of commands by using, for example, a pipe character. Thesubsequent commands in a sequence can include directives for additionalprocessing of the results once it has been obtained from one or moreindexes. For example, commands may be used to filter unwantedinformation out of the results, extract more information, evaluate fieldvalues, calculate statistics, reorder the results, create an alert,create summary of the results, or perform some type of aggregationfunction. In some embodiments, the summary can include a graph, chart,metric, or other visualization of the data. An aggregation function caninclude analysis or calculations to return an aggregate value, such asan average value, a sum, a maximum value, a root mean square,statistical values, and the like.

Due to its flexible nature, use of a pipelined command language invarious embodiments is advantageous because it can perform “filtering”as well as “processing” functions. In other words, a single query caninclude a search command and search term expressions, as well asdata-analysis expressions. For example, a command at the beginning of aquery can perform a “filtering” step by retrieving a set of data basedon a condition (e.g., records associated with server response times ofless than 1 microsecond). The results of the filtering step can then bepassed to a subsequent command in the pipeline that performs a“processing” step (e.g. calculation of an aggregate value related to thefiltered events such as the average response time of servers withresponse times of less than 1 microsecond). Furthermore, the searchcommand can allow events to be filtered by keyword as well as fieldvalue criteria. For example, a search command can filter out all eventscontaining the word “warning” or filter out all events where a fieldvalue associated with a field “clientip” is “10.0.1.2.”

The results obtained or generated in response to a command in a querycan be considered a set of results data. The set of results data can bepassed from one command to another in any data format. In oneembodiment, the set of result data can be in the form of a dynamicallycreated table. Each command in a particular query can redefine the shapeof the table. In some implementations, an event retrieved from an indexin response to a query can be considered a row with a column for eachfield value. Columns contain basic information about the data and alsomay contain data that has been dynamically extracted at search time.

FIG. 6B provides a visual representation of the manner in which apipelined command language or query operates in accordance with thedisclosed embodiments. The query 630 can be inputted by the user into asearch. The query comprises a search, the results of which are piped totwo commands (namely, command 1 and command 2) that follow the searchstep.

Disk 622 represents the event data in the raw record data store.

When a user query is processed, a search step will precede other queriesin the pipeline in order to generate a set of events at block 640. Forexample, the query can comprise search terms “sourcetype=syslog ERROR”at the front of the pipeline as shown in FIG. 6B. Intermediate resultstable 624 shows fewer rows because it represents the subset of eventsretrieved from the index that matched the search terms“sourcetype=syslog ERROR” from search command 630. By way of furtherexample, instead of a search step, the set of events at the head of thepipeline may be generating by a call to a pre-existing inverted index(as will be explained later).

At block 642, the set of events generated in the first part of the querymay be piped to a query that searches the set of events for field-valuepairs or for keywords. For example, the second intermediate resultstable 626 shows fewer columns, representing the result of the topcommand, “top user” which summarizes the events into a list of the top10 users and displays the user, count, and percentage.

Finally, at block 644, the results of the prior stage can be pipelinedto another stage where further filtering or processing of the data canbe performed, e.g., preparing the data for display purposes, filteringthe data based on a condition, performing a mathematical calculationwith the data, etc. As shown in FIG. 6B, the “fields—percent” part ofcommand 630 removes the column that shows the percentage, thereby,leaving a final results table 628 without a percentage column. Indifferent embodiments, other query languages, such as the StructuredQuery Language (“SQL”), can be used to create a query.

2.10 Field Extraction

The search head 210 allows users to search and visualize eventsgenerated from machine data received from homogenous data sources. Thesearch head 210 also allows users to search and visualize eventsgenerated from machine data received from heterogeneous data sources.The search head 210 includes various mechanisms, which may additionallyreside in an indexer 206, for processing a query. A query language maybe used to create a query, such as any suitable pipelined querylanguage. For example, Splunk Processing Language (SPL) can be utilizedto make a query. SPL is a pipelined search language in which a set ofinputs is operated on by a first command in a command line, and then asubsequent command following the pipe symbol “|” operates on the resultsproduced by the first command, and so on for additional commands. Otherquery languages, such as the Structured Query Language (“SQL”), can beused to create a query.

In response to receiving the search query, search head 210 usesextraction rules to extract values for fields in the events beingsearched. The search head 210 obtains extraction rules that specify howto extract a value for fields from an event. Extraction rules cancomprise regex rules that specify how to extract values for the fieldscorresponding to the extraction rules. In addition to specifying how toextract field values, the extraction rules may also include instructionsfor deriving a field value by performing a function on a characterstring or value retrieved by the extraction rule. For example, anextraction rule may truncate a character string or convert the characterstring into a different data format. In some cases, the query itself canspecify one or more extraction rules.

The search head 210 can apply the extraction rules to events that itreceives from indexers 206. Indexers 206 may apply the extraction rulesto events in an associated data store 208. Extraction rules can beapplied to all the events in a data store or to a subset of the eventsthat have been filtered based on some criteria (e.g., event time stampvalues, etc.). Extraction rules can be used to extract one or morevalues for a field from events by parsing the portions of machine datain the events and examining the data for one or more patterns ofcharacters, numbers, delimiters, etc., that indicate where the fieldbegins and, optionally, ends.

FIG. 7A is a diagram of an example scenario where a common customeridentifier is found among log data received from three disparate datasources, in accordance with example embodiments. In this example, a usersubmits an order for merchandise using a vendor's shopping applicationprogram 701 running on the user's system. In this example, the order wasnot delivered to the vendor's server due to a resource exception at thedestination server that is detected by the middleware code 702. The userthen sends a message to the customer support server 703 to complainabout the order failing to complete. The three systems 701, 702, and 703are disparate systems that do not have a common logging format. Theorder application 701 sends log data 704 to the data intake and querysystem in one format, the middleware code 702 sends error log data 705in a second format, and the support server 703 sends log data 706 in athird format.

Using the log data received at one or more indexers 206 from the threesystems, the vendor can uniquely obtain an insight into user activity,user experience, and system behavior. The search head 210 allows thevendor's administrator to search the log data from the three systemsthat one or more indexers 206 are responsible for searching, therebyobtaining correlated information, such as the order number andcorresponding customer ID number of the person placing the order. Thesystem also allows the administrator to see a visualization of relatedevents via a user interface. The administrator can query the search head210 for customer ID field value matches across the log data from thethree systems that are stored at the one or more indexers 206. Thecustomer ID field value exists in the data gathered from the threesystems, but the customer ID field value may be located in differentareas of the data given differences in the architecture of the systems.There is a semantic relationship between the customer ID field valuesgenerated by the three systems. The search head 210 requests events fromthe one or more indexers 206 to gather relevant events from the threesystems. The search head 210 then applies extraction rules to the eventsin order to extract field values that it can correlate. The search headmay apply a different extraction rule to each set of events from eachsystem when the event format differs among systems. In this example, theuser interface can display to the administrator the events correspondingto the common customer ID field values 707, 708, and 709, therebyproviding the administrator with insight into a customer's experience.

Note that query results can be returned to a client, a search head, orany other system component for further processing. In general, queryresults may include a set of one or more events, a set of one or morevalues obtained from the events, a subset of the values, statisticscalculated based on the values, a report containing the values, avisualization (e.g., a graph or chart) generated from the values, andthe like.

The search system enables users to run queries against the stored datato retrieve events that meet criteria specified in a query, such ascontaining certain keywords or having specific values in defined fields.FIG. 7B illustrates the manner in which keyword searches and fieldsearches are processed in accordance with disclosed embodiments.

If a user inputs a search query into search bar 1401 that includes onlykeywords (also known as “tokens”), e.g., the keyword “error” or“warning”, the query search engine of the data intake and query systemsearches for those keywords directly in the event data 722 stored in theraw record data store. Note that while FIG. 7B only illustrates fourevents, the raw record data store (corresponding to data store 208 inFIG. 2) may contain records for millions of events.

As disclosed above, an indexer can optionally generate a keyword indexto facilitate fast keyword searching for event data. The indexerincludes the identified keywords in an index, which associates eachstored keyword with reference pointers to events containing that keyword(or to locations within events where that keyword is located, otherlocation identifiers, etc.). When an indexer subsequently receives akeyword-based query, the indexer can access the keyword index to quicklyidentify events containing the keyword. For example, if the keyword“HTTP” was indexed by the indexer at index time, and the user searchesfor the keyword “HTTP”, events 713 to 715 will be identified based onthe results returned from the keyword index. As noted above, the indexcontains reference pointers to the events containing the keyword, whichallows for efficient retrieval of the relevant events from the rawrecord data store.

If a user searches for a keyword that has not been indexed by theindexer, the data intake and query system would nevertheless be able toretrieve the events by searching the event data for the keyword in theraw record data store directly as shown in FIG. 7B. For example, if auser searches for the keyword “frank”, and the name “frank” has not beenindexed at index time, the DATA INTAKE AND QUERY system will search theevent data directly and return the first event 713. Note that whetherthe keyword has been indexed at index time or not, in both cases the rawdata with the events 712 is accessed from the raw data record store toservice the keyword search. In the case where the keyword has beenindexed, the index will contain a reference pointer that will allow fora more efficient retrieval of the event data from the data store. If thekeyword has not been indexed, the search engine will need to searchthrough all the records in the data store to service the search.

In most cases, however, in addition to keywords, a user's search willalso include fields. The term “field” refers to a location in the eventdata containing one or more values for a specific data item. Often, afield is a value with a fixed, delimited position on a line, or a nameand value pair, where there is a single value to each field name. Afield can also be multivalued, that is, it can appear more than once inan event and have a different value for each appearance, e.g., emailaddress fields. Fields are searchable by the field name or fieldname-value pairs. Some examples of fields are “clientip” forIP_addresses accessing a web server, or the “From” and “To” fields inemail addresses.

By way of further example, consider the search, “status=404”. Thissearch query finds events with “status” fields that have a value of“404.” When the search is run, the search engine does not look forevents with any other “status” value. It also does not look for eventscontaining other fields that share “404” as a value. As a result, thesearch returns a set of results that are more focused than if “404” hadbeen used in the search string as part of a keyword search. Note alsothat fields can appear in events as “key=value” pairs such as“user_name=Bob.” But in most cases, field values appear in fixed,delimited positions without identifying keys. For example, the datastore may contain events where the “user_name” value always appears byitself after the timestamp as illustrated by the following string:“November 15 09:33:22 johnmedlock.”

The data intake and query system advantageously allows for search timefield extraction. In other words, fields can be extracted from the eventdata at search time using late-binding schema as opposed to at dataingestion time, which was a major limitation of the prior art systems.

In response to receiving the search query, search head 210 usesextraction rules to extract values for the fields associated with afield or fields in the event data being searched. The search head 210obtains extraction rules that specify how to extract a value for certainfields from an event. Extraction rules can comprise regex rules thatspecify how to extract values for the relevant fields. In addition tospecifying how to extract field values, the extraction rules may alsoinclude instructions for deriving a field value by performing a functionon a character string or value retrieved by the extraction rule. Forexample, a transformation rule may truncate a character string, orconvert the character string into a different data format. In somecases, the query itself can specify one or more extraction rules.

FIG. 7B illustrates the manner in which configuration files may be usedto configure custom fields at search time in accordance with thedisclosed embodiments. In response to receiving a search query, the dataintake and query system determines if the query references a “field.”For example, a query may request a list of events where the “clientip”field equals “127.0.0.1.” If the query itself does not specify anextraction rule and if the field is not a metadata field, e.g., time,host, source, source type, etc., then in order to determine anextraction rule, the search engine may, in one or more embodiments, needto locate configuration file 712 during the execution of the search asshown in FIG. 7B.

Configuration file 712 may contain extraction rules for all the variousfields that are not metadata fields, e.g., the “clientip” field. Theextraction rules may be inserted into the configuration file in avariety of ways. In some embodiments, the extraction rules can compriseregular expression rules that are manually entered in by the user.Regular expressions match patterns of characters in text and are usedfor extracting custom fields in text.

In one or more embodiments, as noted above, a field extractor may beconfigured to automatically generate extraction rules for certain fieldvalues in the events when the events are being created, indexed, orstored, or possibly at a later time. In one embodiment, a user may beable to dynamically create custom fields by highlighting portions of asample event that should be extracted as fields using a graphical userinterface. The system would then generate a regular expression thatextracts those fields from similar events and store the regularexpression as an extraction rule for the associated field in theconfiguration file 712.

In some embodiments, the indexers may automatically discover certaincustom fields at index time and the regular expressions for those fieldswill be automatically generated at index time and stored as part ofextraction rules in configuration file 712. For example, fields thatappear in the event data as “key=value” pairs may be automaticallyextracted as part of an automatic field discovery process. Note thatthere may be several other ways of adding field definitions toconfiguration files in addition to the methods discussed herein.

The search head 210 can apply the extraction rules derived fromconfiguration file 1402 to event data that it receives from indexers206. Indexers 206 may apply the extraction rules from the configurationfile to events in an associated data store 208. Extraction rules can beapplied to all the events in a data store, or to a subset of the eventsthat have been filtered based on some criteria (e.g., event time stampvalues, etc.). Extraction rules can be used to extract one or morevalues for a field from events by parsing the event data and examiningthe event data for one or more patterns of characters, numbers,delimiters, etc., that indicate where the field begins and, optionally,ends.

In one more embodiments, the extraction rule in configuration file 712will also need to define the type or set of events that the rule appliesto. Because the raw record data store will contain events from multipleheterogeneous sources, multiple events may contain the same fields indifferent locations because of discrepancies in the format of the datagenerated by the various sources. Furthermore, certain events may notcontain a particular field at all. For example, event 719 also contains“clientip” field, however, the “clientip” field is in a different formatfrom events 713-715. To address the discrepancies in the format andcontent of the different types of events, the configuration file willalso need to specify the set of events that an extraction rule appliesto, e.g., extraction rule 716 specifies a rule for filtering by the typeof event and contains a regular expression for parsing out the fieldvalue. Accordingly, each extraction rule will pertain to only aparticular type of event. If a particular field, e.g., “clientip” occursin multiple events, each of those types of events would need its owncorresponding extraction rule in the configuration file 712 and each ofthe extraction rules would comprise a different regular expression toparse out the associated field value. The most common way to categorizeevents is by source type because events generated by a particular sourcecan have the same format.

The field extraction rules stored in configuration file 712 performsearch-time field extractions. For example, for a query that requests alist of events with source type “access_combined” where the “clientip”field equals “127.0.0.1,” the query search engine would first locate theconfiguration file 712 to retrieve extraction rule 716 that would allowit to extract values associated with the “clientip” field from the eventdata 720 “where the source type is “access_combined. After the“clientip” field has been extracted from all the events comprising the“clientip” field where the source type is “access_combined,” the querysearch engine can then execute the field criteria by performing thecompare operation to filter out the events where the “clientip” fieldequals “127.0.0.1.” In the example shown in FIG. 7B, events 713-715would be returned in response to the user query. In this manner, thesearch engine can service queries containing field criteria in additionto queries containing keyword criteria (as explained above).

The configuration file can be created during indexing. It may either bemanually created by the user or automatically generated with certainpredetermined field extraction rules. As discussed above, the events maybe distributed across several indexers, wherein each indexer may beresponsible for storing and searching a subset of the events containedin a corresponding data store. In a distributed indexer system, eachindexer would need to maintain a local copy of the configuration filethat is synchronized periodically across the various indexers.

The ability to add schema to the configuration file at search timeresults in increased efficiency. A user can create new fields at searchtime and simply add field definitions to the configuration file. As auser learns more about the data in the events, the user can continue torefine the late-binding schema by adding new fields, deleting fields, ormodifying the field extraction rules in the configuration file for usethe next time the schema is used by the system. Because the data intakeand query system maintains the underlying raw data and uses late-bindingschema for searching the raw data, it enables a user to continueinvestigating and learn valuable insights about the raw data long afterdata ingestion time.

The ability to add multiple field definitions to the configuration fileat search time also results in increased flexibility. For example,multiple field definitions can be added to the configuration file tocapture the same field across events generated by different sourcetypes. This allows the data intake and query system to search andcorrelate data across heterogeneous sources flexibly and efficiently.

Further, by providing the field definitions for the queried fields atsearch time, the configuration file 712 allows the record data store 712to be field searchable. In other words, the raw record data store 712can be searched using keywords as well as fields, wherein the fields aresearchable name/value pairings that distinguish one event from anotherand can be defined in configuration file 1402 using extraction rules. Incomparison to a search containing field names, a keyword search does notneed the configuration file and can search the event data directly asshown in FIG. 7B.

It should also be noted that any events filtered out by performing asearch-time field extraction using a configuration file can be furtherprocessed by directing the results of the filtering step to a processingstep using a pipelined search language. Using the prior example, a usercould pipeline the results of the compare step to an aggregate functionby asking the query search engine to count the number of events wherethe “clientip” field equals “127.0.0.1.”

2.11. Example Search Screen

FIG. 8A is an interface diagram of an example user interface for asearch screen 800, in accordance with example embodiments. Search screen800 includes a search bar 802 that accepts user input in the form of asearch string. It also includes a time range picker 812 that enables theuser to specify a time range for the search. For historical searches(e.g., searches based on a particular historical time range), the usercan select a specific time range, or alternatively a relative timerange, such as “today,” “yesterday” or “last week.” For real-timesearches (e.g., searches whose results are based on data received inreal-time), the user can select the size of a preceding time window tosearch for real-time events. Search screen 800 also initially displays a“data summary” dialog as is illustrated in FIG. 8B that enables the userto select different sources for the events, such as by selectingspecific hosts and log files.

After the search is executed, the search screen 800 in FIG. 8A candisplay the results through search results tabs 804, wherein searchresults tabs 804 includes: an “events tab” that displays variousinformation about events returned by the search; a “statistics tab” thatdisplays statistics about the search results; and a “visualization tab”that displays various visualizations of the search results. The eventstab illustrated in FIG. 8A displays a timeline graph 805 thatgraphically illustrates the number of events that occurred in one-hourintervals over the selected time range. The events tab also displays anevents list 808 that enables a user to view the machine data in each ofthe returned events.

The events tab additionally displays a sidebar that is an interactivefield picker 806. The field picker 806 may be displayed to a user inresponse to the search being executed and allows the user to furtheranalyze the search results based on the fields in the events of thesearch results. The field picker 806 includes field names that referencefields present in the events in the search results. The field picker maydisplay any Selected Fields 820 that a user has pre-selected for display(e.g., host, source, sourcetype) and may also display any InterestingFields 822 that the system determines may be interesting to the userbased on pre-specified criteria (e.g., action, bytes, categoryid,clientip, date_hour, date_mday, date_minute, etc.). The field pickeralso provides an option to display field names for all the fieldspresent in the events of the search results using the All Fields control824.

Each field name in the field picker 806 has a value type identifier tothe left of the field name, such as value type identifier 826. A valuetype identifier identifies the type of value for the respective field,such as an “a” for fields that include literal values or a “#” forfields that include numerical values.

Each field name in the field picker also has a unique value count to theright of the field name, such as unique value count 828. The uniquevalue count indicates the number of unique values for the respectivefield in the events of the search results.

Each field name is selectable to view the events in the search resultsthat have the field referenced by that field name. For example, a usercan select the “host” field name, and the events shown in the eventslist 808 will be updated with events in the search results that have thefield that is reference by the field name “host.”

2.12. Data Models

A data model is a hierarchically structured search-time mapping ofsemantic knowledge about one or more datasets. It encodes the domainknowledge used to build a variety of specialized searches of thosedatasets. Those searches, in turn, can be used to generate reports.

A data model is composed of one or more “objects” (or “data modelobjects”) that define or otherwise correspond to a specific set of data.An object is defined by constraints and attributes. An object'sconstraints are search criteria that define the set of events to beoperated on by running a search having that search criteria at the timethe data model is selected. An object's attributes are the set of fieldsto be exposed for operating on that set of events generated by thesearch criteria.

Objects in data models can be arranged hierarchically in parent/childrelationships. Each child object represents a subset of the datasetcovered by its parent object. The top-level objects in data models arecollectively referred to as “root objects.”

Child objects have inheritance. Child objects inherit constraints andattributes from their parent objects and may have additional constraintsand attributes of their own. Child objects provide a way of filteringevents from parent objects. Because a child object may provide anadditional constraint in addition to the constraints it has inheritedfrom its parent object, the dataset it represents may be a subset of thedataset that its parent represents. For example, a first data modelobject may define a broad set of data pertaining to e-mail activitygenerally, and another data model object may define specific datasetswithin the broad dataset, such as a subset of the e-mail data pertainingspecifically to e-mails sent. For example, a user can simply select an“e-mail activity” data model object to access a dataset relating toe-mails generally (e.g., sent or received), or select an “e-mails sent”data model object (or data sub-model object) to access a datasetrelating to e-mails sent.

Because a data model object is defined by its constraints (e.g., a setof search criteria) and attributes (e.g., a set of fields), a data modelobject can be used to quickly search data to identify a set of eventsand to identify a set of fields to be associated with the set of events.For example, an “e-mails sent” data model object may specify a searchfor events relating to e-mails that have been sent, and specify a set offields that are associated with the events. Thus, a user can retrieveand use the “e-mails sent” data model object to quickly search sourcedata for events relating to sent e-mails, and may be provided with alisting of the set of fields relevant to the events in a user interfacescreen.

Examples of data models can include electronic mail, authentication,databases, intrusion detection, malware, application state, alerts,compute inventory, network sessions, network traffic, performance,audits, updates, vulnerabilities, etc. Data models and their objects canbe designed by knowledge managers in an organization, and they canenable downstream users to quickly focus on a specific set of data. Auser iteratively applies a model development tool (not shown in FIG. 8A)to prepare a query that defines a subset of events and assigns an objectname to that subset. A child subset is created by further limiting aquery that generated a parent subset.

Data definitions in associated schemas can be taken from the commoninformation model (CIM) or can be devised for a particular schema andoptionally added to the CIM. Child objects inherit fields from parentsand can include fields not present in parents. A model developer canselect fewer extraction rules than are available for the sourcesreturned by the query that defines events belonging to a model.Selecting a limited set of extraction rules can be a tool forsimplifying and focusing the data model, while allowing a userflexibility to explore the data subset. Development of a data model isfurther explained in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,788,525 and 8,788,526, bothentitled “DATA MODEL FOR MACHINE DATA FOR SEMANTIC SEARCH”, both issuedon 22 Jul. 2014, U.S. Pat. No. 8,983,994, entitled “GENERATION OF A DATAMODEL FOR SEARCHING MACHINE DATA”, issued on 17 Mar., 2015, U.S. Pat.No. 9,128,980, entitled “GENERATION OF A DATA MODEL APPLIED TO QUERIES”,issued on 8 Sep. 2015, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,589,012, entitled “GENERATIONOF A DATA MODEL APPLIED TO OBJECT QUERIES”, issued on 7 Mar. 2017, eachof which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for allpurposes.

A data model can also include reports. One or more report formats can beassociated with a particular data model and be made available to runagainst the data model. A user can use child objects to design reportswith object datasets that already have extraneous data pre-filtered out.In some embodiments, the data intake and query system 108 provides theuser with the ability to produce reports (e.g., a table, chart,visualization, etc.) without having to enter SPL, SQL, or other querylanguage terms into a search screen. Data models are used as the basisfor the search feature.

Data models may be selected in a report generation interface. The reportgenerator supports drag-and-drop organization of fields to be summarizedin a report. When a model is selected, the fields with availableextraction rules are made available for use in the report. The user mayrefine and/or filter search results to produce more precise reports. Theuser may select some fields for organizing the report and select otherfields for providing detail according to the report organization. Forexample, “region” and “salesperson” are fields used for organizing thereport and sales data can be summarized (subtotaled and totaled) withinthis organization. The report generator allows the user to specify oneor more fields within events and apply statistical analysis on valuesextracted from the specified one or more fields. The report generatormay aggregate search results across sets of events and generatestatistics based on aggregated search results. Building reports usingthe report generation interface is further explained in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/503,335, entitled “GENERATING REPORTS FROMUNSTRUCTURED DATA”, filed on 30 Sep. 2014, and which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Datavisualizations also can be generated in a variety of formats, byreference to the data model. Reports, data visualizations, and datamodel objects can be saved and associated with the data model for futureuse. The data model object may be used to perform searches of otherdata.

FIGS. 9-15 are interface diagrams of example report generation userinterfaces, in accordance with example embodiments. The reportgeneration process may be driven by a predefined data model object, suchas a data model object defined and/or saved via a reporting applicationor a data model object obtained from another source. A user can load asaved data model object using a report editor. For example, the initialsearch query and fields used to drive the report editor may be obtainedfrom a data model object. The data model object that is used to drive areport generation process may define a search and a set of fields. Uponloading of the data model object, the report generation process mayenable a user to use the fields (e.g., the fields defined by the datamodel object) to define criteria for a report (e.g., filters, splitrows/columns, aggregates, etc.) and the search may be used to identifyevents (e.g., to identify events responsive to the search) used togenerate the report. That is, for example, if a data model object isselected to drive a report editor, the graphical user interface of thereport editor may enable a user to define reporting criteria for thereport using the fields associated with the selected data model object,and the events used to generate the report may be constrained to theevents that match, or otherwise satisfy, the search constraints of theselected data model object.

The selection of a data model object for use in driving a reportgeneration may be facilitated by a data model object selectioninterface. FIG. 9 illustrates an example interactive data modelselection graphical user interface 900 of a report editor that displaysa listing of available data models 901. The user may select one of thedata models 902.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example data model object selection graphicaluser interface 1000 that displays available data objects 1001 for theselected data object model 902. The user may select one of the displayeddata model objects 1002 for use in driving the report generationprocess.

Once a data model object is selected by the user, a user interfacescreen 1100 shown in FIG. 11A may display an interactive listing ofautomatic field identification options 1101 based on the selected datamodel object. For example, a user may select one of the threeillustrated options (e.g., the “All Fields” option 1102, the “SelectedFields” option 1103, or the “Coverage” option (e.g., fields with atleast a specified % of coverage) 1104). If the user selects the “AllFields” option 1102, all of the fields identified from the events thatwere returned in response to an initial search query may be selected.That is, for example, all of the fields of the identified data modelobject fields may be selected. If the user selects the “Selected Fields”option 1103, only the fields from the fields of the identified datamodel object fields that are selected by the user may be used. If theuser selects the “Coverage” option 1104, only the fields of theidentified data model object fields meeting a specified coveragecriteria may be selected. A percent coverage may refer to the percentageof events returned by the initial search query that a given fieldappears in. Thus, for example, if an object dataset includes 10,000events returned in response to an initial search query, and the“avg_age” field appears in 854 of those 10,000 events, then the“avg_age” field would have a coverage of 8.54% for that object dataset.If, for example, the user selects the “Coverage” option and specifies acoverage value of 2%, only fields having a coverage value equal to orgreater than 2% may be selected. The number of fields corresponding toeach selectable option may be displayed in association with each option.For example, “97” displayed next to the “All Fields” option 1102indicates that 97 fields will be selected if the “All Fields” option isselected. The “3” displayed next to the “Selected Fields” option 1103indicates that 3 of the 97 fields will be selected if the “SelectedFields” option is selected. The “49” displayed next to the “Coverage”option 1104 indicates that 49 of the 97 fields (e.g., the 49 fieldshaving a coverage of 2% or greater) will be selected if the “Coverage”option is selected. The number of fields corresponding to the “Coverage”option may be dynamically updated based on the specified percent ofcoverage.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example graphical user interface screen 1105displaying the reporting application's “Report Editor” page. The screenmay display interactive elements for defining various elements of areport. For example, the page includes a “Filters” element 1106, a“Split Rows” element 1107, a “Split Columns” element 1108, and a “ColumnValues” element 1109. The page may include a list of search results1111. In this example, the Split Rows element 1107 is expanded,revealing a listing of fields 1110 that can be used to define additionalcriteria (e.g., reporting criteria). The listing of fields 1110 maycorrespond to the selected fields. That is, the listing of fields 1110may list only the fields previously selected, either automaticallyand/or manually by a user. FIG. 11C illustrates a formatting dialogue1112 that may be displayed upon selecting a field from the listing offields 1110. The dialogue can be used to format the display of theresults of the selection (e.g., label the column for the selected fieldto be displayed as “component”).

FIG. 11D illustrates an example graphical user interface screen 1105including a table of results 1113 based on the selected criteriaincluding splitting the rows by the “component” field. A column 1114having an associated count for each component listed in the table may bedisplayed that indicates an aggregate count of the number of times thatthe particular field-value pair (e.g., the value in a row for aparticular field, such as the value “BucketMover” for the field“component”) occurs in the set of events responsive to the initialsearch query.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example graphical user interface screen 1200 thatallows the user to filter search results and to perform statisticalanalysis on values extracted from specific fields in the set of events.In this example, the top ten product names ranked by price are selectedas a filter 1201 that causes the display of the ten most popularproducts sorted by price. Each row is displayed by product name andprice 1202. This results in each product displayed in a column labeled“product name” along with an associated price in a column labeled“price” 1206. Statistical analysis of other fields in the eventsassociated with the ten most popular products have been specified ascolumn values 1203. A count of the number of successful purchases foreach product is displayed in column 1204. These statistics may beproduced by filtering the search results by the product name, findingall occurrences of a successful purchase in a field within the eventsand generating a total of the number of occurrences. A sum of the totalsales is displayed in column 1205, which is a result of themultiplication of the price and the number of successful purchases foreach product.

The reporting application allows the user to create graphicalvisualizations of the statistics generated for a report. For example,FIG. 13 illustrates an example graphical user interface 1300 thatdisplays a set of components and associated statistics 1301. Thereporting application allows the user to select a visualization of thestatistics in a graph (e.g., bar chart, scatter plot, area chart, linechart, pie chart, radial gauge, marker gauge, filler gauge, etc.), wherethe format of the graph may be selected using the user interfacecontrols 1302 along the left panel of the user interface 1300. FIG. 14illustrates an example of a bar chart visualization 1400 of an aspect ofthe statistical data 1301. FIG. 15 illustrates a scatter plotvisualization 1500 of an aspect of the statistical data 1301.

2.13. Acceleration Technique

The above-described system provides significant flexibility by enablinga user to analyze massive quantities of minimally-processed data “on thefly” at search time using a late-binding schema, instead of storingpre-specified portions of the data in a database at ingestion time. Thisflexibility enables a user to see valuable insights, correlate data, andperform subsequent queries to examine interesting aspects of the datathat may not have been apparent at ingestion time.

However, performing extraction and analysis operations at search timecan involve a large amount of data and require a large number ofcomputational operations, which can cause delays in processing thequeries. Advantageously, the data intake and query system also employs anumber of unique acceleration techniques that have been developed tospeed up analysis operations performed at search time. These techniquesinclude: (1) performing search operations in parallel across multipleindexers; (2) using a keyword index; (3) using a high performanceanalytics store; and (4) accelerating the process of generating reports.These novel techniques are described in more detail below.

2.13.1. Aggregation Technique

To facilitate faster query processing, a query can be structured suchthat multiple indexers perform the query in parallel, while aggregationof search results from the multiple indexers is performed locally at thesearch head. For example, FIG. 16 is an example search query receivedfrom a client and executed by search peers, in accordance with exampleembodiments. FIG. 16 illustrates how a search query 1602 received from aclient at a search head 210 can split into two phases, including: (1)subtasks 1604 (e.g., data retrieval or simple filtering) that may beperformed in parallel by indexers 206 for execution, and (2) a searchresults aggregation operation 1606 to be executed by the search headwhen the results are ultimately collected from the indexers.

During operation, upon receiving search query 1602, a search head 210determines that a portion of the operations involved with the searchquery may be performed locally by the search head. The search headmodifies search query 1602 by substituting “stats” (create aggregatestatistics over results sets received from the indexers at the searchhead) with “prestats” (create statistics by the indexer from localresults set) to produce search query 1604, and then distributes searchquery 1604 to distributed indexers, which are also referred to as“search peers” or “peer indexers.” Note that search queries maygenerally specify search criteria or operations to be performed onevents that meet the search criteria. Search queries may also specifyfield names, as well as search criteria for the values in the fields oroperations to be performed on the values in the fields. Moreover, thesearch head may distribute the full search query to the search peers asillustrated in FIG. 6A, or may alternatively distribute a modifiedversion (e.g., a more restricted version) of the search query to thesearch peers. In this example, the indexers are responsible forproducing the results and sending them to the search head. After theindexers return the results to the search head, the search headaggregates the received results 1606 to form a single search result set.By executing the query in this manner, the system effectivelydistributes the computational operations across the indexers whileminimizing data transfers.

2.13.2. Keyword Index

As described above with reference to the flow charts in FIG. 5A and FIG.6A, data intake and query system 108 can construct and maintain one ormore keyword indices to quickly identify events containing specifickeywords. This technique can greatly speed up the processing of queriesinvolving specific keywords. As mentioned above, to build a keywordindex, an indexer first identifies a set of keywords. Then, the indexerincludes the identified keywords in an index, which associates eachstored keyword with references to events containing that keyword, or tolocations within events where that keyword is located. When an indexersubsequently receives a keyword-based query, the indexer can access thekeyword index to quickly identify events containing the keyword.

2.13.3. High Performance Analytics Store

To speed up certain types of queries, some embodiments of system 108create a high performance analytics store, which is referred to as a“summarization table,” that contains entries for specific field-valuepairs. Each of these entries keeps track of instances of a specificvalue in a specific field in the events and includes references toevents containing the specific value in the specific field. For example,an example entry in a summarization table can keep track of occurrencesof the value “94107” in a “ZIP code” field of a set of events and theentry includes references to all of the events that contain the value“94107” in the ZIP code field. This optimization technique enables thesystem to quickly process queries that seek to determine how many eventshave a particular value for a particular field. To this end, the systemcan examine the entry in the summarization table to count instances ofthe specific value in the field without having to go through theindividual events or perform data extractions at search time. Also, ifthe system needs to process all events that have a specific field-valuecombination, the system can use the references in the summarizationtable entry to directly access the events to extract further informationwithout having to search all of the events to find the specificfield-value combination at search time.

In some embodiments, the system maintains a separate summarization tablefor each of the above-described time-specific buckets that stores eventsfor a specific time range. A bucket-specific summarization tableincludes entries for specific field-value combinations that occur inevents in the specific bucket. Alternatively, the system can maintain aseparate summarization table for each indexer. The indexer-specificsummarization table includes entries for the events in a data store thatare managed by the specific indexer. Indexer-specific summarizationtables may also be bucket-specific.

The summarization table can be populated by running a periodic querythat scans a set of events to find instances of a specific field-valuecombination, or alternatively instances of all field-value combinationsfor a specific field. A periodic query can be initiated by a user, orcan be scheduled to occur automatically at specific time intervals. Aperiodic query can also be automatically launched in response to a querythat asks for a specific field-value combination.

In some cases, when the summarization tables may not cover all of theevents that are relevant to a query, the system can use thesummarization tables to obtain partial results for the events that arecovered by summarization tables, but may also have to search throughother events that are not covered by the summarization tables to produceadditional results. These additional results can then be combined withthe partial results to produce a final set of results for the query. Thesummarization table and associated techniques are described in moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,925, entitled “Distributed HighPerformance Analytics Store”, issued on 25 Mar. 2014, U.S. Pat. No.9,128,985, entitled “SUPPLEMENTING A HIGH PERFORMANCE ANALYTICS STOREWITH EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL EVENTS TO RESPOND TO AN EVENT QUERY”,issued on 8 Sep. 2015, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/815,973,entitled “GENERATING AND STORING SUMMARIZATION TABLES FOR SETS OFSEARCHABLE EVENTS”, filed on 1 Aug. 2015, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

To speed up certain types of queries, e.g., frequently encounteredqueries or computationally intensive queries, some embodiments of system108 create a high performance analytics store, which is referred to as a“summarization table,” (also referred to as a “lexicon” or “invertedindex”) that contains entries for specific field-value pairs. Each ofthese entries keeps track of instances of a specific value in a specificfield in the event data and includes references to events containing thespecific value in the specific field. For example, an example entry inan inverted index can keep track of occurrences of the value “94107” ina “ZIP code” field of a set of events and the entry includes referencesto all of the events that contain the value “94107” in the ZIP codefield. Creating the inverted index data structure avoids needing toincur the computational overhead each time a statistical query needs tobe run on a frequently encountered field-value pair. In order toexpedite queries, in most embodiments, the search engine will employ theinverted index separate from the raw record data store to generateresponses to the received queries.

Note that the term “summarization table” or “inverted index” as usedherein is a data structure that may be generated by an indexer thatincludes at least field names and field values that have been extractedand/or indexed from event records. An inverted index may also includereference values that point to the location(s) in the field searchabledata store where the event records that include the field may be found.Also, an inverted index may be stored using well-know compressiontechniques to reduce its storage size.

Further, note that the term “reference value” (also referred to as a“posting value”) as used herein is a value that references the locationof a source record in the field searchable data store. In someembodiments, the reference value may include additional informationabout each record, such as timestamps, record size, meta-data, or thelike. Each reference value may be a unique identifier which may be usedto access the event data directly in the field searchable data store. Insome embodiments, the reference values may be ordered based on eachevent record's timestamp. For example, if numbers are used asidentifiers, they may be sorted so event records having a latertimestamp always have a lower valued identifier than event records withan earlier timestamp, or vice-versa. Reference values are often includedin inverted indexes for retrieving and/or identifying event records.

In one or more embodiments, an inverted index is generated in responseto a user-initiated collection query. The term “collection query” asused herein refers to queries that include commands that generatesummarization information and inverted indexes (or summarization tables)from event records stored in the field searchable data store.

Note that a collection query is a special type of query that can beuser-generated and is used to create an inverted index. A collectionquery is not the same as a query that is used to call up or invoke apre-existing inverted index. In one or more embodiment, a query cancomprise an initial step that calls up a pre-generated inverted index onwhich further filtering and processing can be performed. For example,referring back to FIG. 13, a set of events generated at block 1320 byeither using a “collection” query to create a new inverted index or bycalling up a pre-generated inverted index. A query with severalpipelined steps will start with a pre-generated index to accelerate thequery.

FIG. 7C illustrates the manner in which an inverted index is created andused in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. As shown in FIG. 7C,an inverted index 722 can be created in response to a user-initiatedcollection query using the event data 723 stored in the raw record datastore. For example, a non-limiting example of a collection query mayinclude “collect clientip=127.0.0.1” which may result in an invertedindex 722 being generated from the event data 723 as shown in FIG. 7C.Each entry in invertex index 722 includes an event reference value thatreferences the location of a source record in the field searchable datastore. The reference value may be used to access the original eventrecord directly from the field searchable data store.

In one or more embodiments, if one or more of the queries is acollection query, the responsive indexers may generate summarizationinformation based on the fields of the event records located in thefield searchable data store. In at least one of the various embodiments,one or more of the fields used in the summarization information may belisted in the collection query and/or they may be determined based onterms included in the collection query. For example, a collection querymay include an explicit list of fields to summarize. Or, in at least oneof the various embodiments, a collection query may include terms orexpressions that explicitly define the fields, e.g., using regex rules.In FIG. 7C, prior to running the collection query that generates theinverted index 722, the field name “clientip” may need to be defined ina configuration file by specifying the “access_combined” source type anda regular expression rule to parse out the client IP address._Alternatively, the collection query may contain an explicit definitionfor the field name “clientip” which may obviate the need to referencethe configuration file at search time.

In one or more embodiments, collection queries may be saved andscheduled to run periodically. These scheduled collection queries mayperiodically update the summarization information corresponding to thequery. For example, if the collection query that generates invertedindex 722 is scheduled to run periodically, one or more indexers wouldperiodically search through the relevant buckets to update invertedindex 722 with event data for any new events with the “clientip” valueof “127.0.0.1.”

In some embodiments, the inverted indexes that include fields, values,and reference value (e.g., inverted index 722) for event records may beincluded in the summarization information provided to the user. In otherembodiments, a user may not be interested in specific fields and valuescontained in the inverted index, but may need to perform a statisticalquery on the data in the inverted index. For example, referencing theexample of FIG. 7C rather than viewing the fields within summarizationtable 722, a user may want to generate a count of all client requestsfrom IP_address “127.0.0.1.” In this case, the search engine wouldsimply return a result of “4” rather than including details about theinvertex index 722 in the information provided to the user.

The pipelined search language, e.g., SPL of the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISEsystem can be used to pipe the contents of an inverted index to astatistical query using the “stats” command for example. A “stats” queryrefers to queries that generate result sets that may produce aggregateand statistical results from event records, e.g., average, mean, max,min, rms, etc. Where sufficient information is available in an invertedindex, a “stats” query may generate their result sets rapidly from thesummarization information available in the inverted index rather thandirectly scanning event records. For example, the contents of invertedindex 722 can be pipelined to a stats query, e.g., a “count” functionthat counts the number of entries in the inverted index and returns avalue of “4.” In this way, inverted indexes may enable various statsqueries to be performed absent scanning or search the event records.Accordingly, this optimization technique enables the system to quicklyprocess queries that seek to determine how many events have a particularvalue for a particular field. To this end, the system can examine theentry in the inverted index to count instances of the specific value inthe field without having to go through the individual events or performdata extractions at search time.

In some embodiments, the system maintains a separate inverted index foreach of the above-described time-specific buckets that stores events fora specific time range. A bucket-specific inverted index includes entriesfor specific field-value combinations that occur in events in thespecific bucket. Alternatively, the system can maintain a separateinverted index for each indexer. The indexer-specific inverted indexincludes entries for the events in a data store that are managed by thespecific indexer. Indexer-specific inverted indexes may also bebucket-specific. In at least one or more embodiments, if one or more ofthe queries is a stats query, each indexer may generate a partial resultset from previously generated summarization information. The partialresult sets may be returned to the search head that received the queryand combined into a single result set for the query

As mentioned above, the inverted index can be populated by running aperiodic query that scans a set of events to find instances of aspecific field-value combination, or alternatively instances of allfield-value combinations for a specific field. A periodic query can beinitiated by a user, or can be scheduled to occur automatically atspecific time intervals. A periodic query can also be automaticallylaunched in response to a query that asks for a specific field-valuecombination. In some embodiments, if summarization information is absentfrom an indexer that includes responsive event records, further actionsmay be taken, such as, the summarization information may generated onthe fly, warnings may be provided the user, the collection queryoperation may be halted, the absence of summarization information may beignored, or the like, or combination thereof.

In one or more embodiments, an inverted index may be set up to updatecontinually. For example, the query may ask for the inverted index toupdate its result periodically, e.g., every hour. In such instances, theinverted index may be a dynamic data structure that is regularly updatedto include information regarding incoming events.

In some cases, e.g., where a query is executed before an inverted indexupdates, when the inverted index may not cover all of the events thatare relevant to a query, the system can use the inverted index to obtainpartial results for the events that are covered by inverted index, butmay also have to search through other events that are not covered by theinverted index to produce additional results on the fly. In other words,an indexer would need to search through event data on the data store tosupplement the partial results. These additional results can then becombined with the partial results to produce a final set of results forthe query. Note that in typical instances where an inverted index is notcompletely up to date, the number of events that an indexer would needto search through to supplement the results from the inverted indexwould be relatively small. In other words, the search to get the mostrecent results can be quick and efficient because only a small number ofevent records will be searched through to supplement the informationfrom the inverted index. The inverted index and associated techniquesare described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,925, entitled“Distributed High Performance Analytics Store”, issued on 25 Mar. 2014,U.S. Pat. No. 9,128,985, entitled “SUPPLEMENTING A HIGH PERFORMANCEANALYTICS STORE WITH EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL EVENTS TO RESPOND TO ANEVENT QUERY”, filed on 31 Jan. 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/815,973, entitled “STORAGE MEDIUM AND CONTROL DEVICE”, filed on21 Feb. 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

2.13.3.1 Extracting Event Data Using Posting

In one or more embodiments, if the system needs to process all eventsthat have a specific field-value combination, the system can use thereferences in the inverted index entry to directly access the events toextract further information without having to search all of the eventsto find the specific field-value combination at search time. In otherwords, the system can use the reference values to locate the associatedevent data in the field searchable data store and extract furtherinformation from those events, e.g., extract further field values fromthe events for purposes of filtering or processing or both.

The information extracted from the event data using the reference valuescan be directed for further filtering or processing in a query using thepipeline search language. The pipelined search language will, in oneembodiment, include syntax that can direct the initial filtering step ina query to an inverted index. In one embodiment, a user would includesyntax in the query that explicitly directs the initial searching orfiltering step to the inverted index.

Referencing the example in FIG. 15, if the user determines that sheneeds the user id fields associated with the client requests from IPaddress “127.0.0.1,” instead of incurring the computational overhead ofperforming a brand new search or re-generating the inverted index withan additional field, the user can generate a query that explicitlydirects or pipes the contents of the already generated inverted index1502 to another filtering step requesting the user ids for the entriesin inverted index 1502 where the server response time is greater than“0.0900” microseconds. The search engine would use the reference valuesstored in inverted index 722 to retrieve the event data from the fieldsearchable data store, filter the results based on the “response time”field values and, further, extract the user id field from the resultingevent data to return to the user. In the present instance, the user ids“frank” and “carlos” would be returned to the user from the generatedresults table 722.

In one embodiment, the same methodology can be used to pipe the contentsof the inverted index to a processing step. In other words, the user isable to use the inverted index to efficiently and quickly performaggregate functions on field values that were not part of the initiallygenerated inverted index. For example, a user may want to determine anaverage object size (size of the requested gif) requested by clientsfrom IP address “127.0.0.1.” In this case, the search engine would againuse the reference values stored in inverted index 722 to retrieve theevent data from the field searchable data store and, further, extractthe object size field values from the associated events 731, 732, 733and 734. Once, the corresponding object sizes have been extracted (i.e.2326, 2900, 2920, and 5000), the average can be computed and returned tothe user.

In one embodiment, instead of explicitly invoking the inverted index ina user-generated query, e.g., by the use of special commands or syntax,the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system can be configured to automaticallydetermine if any prior-generated inverted index can be used to expeditea user query. For example, the user's query may request the averageobject size (size of the requested gif) requested by clients fromIP_address “127.0.0.1.” without any reference to or use of invertedindex 722. The search engine, in this case, would automaticallydetermine that an inverted index 722 already exists in the system thatcould expedite this query. In one embodiment, prior to running anysearch comprising a field-value pair, for example, a search engine maysearch though all the existing inverted indexes to determine if apre-generated inverted index could be used to expedite the searchcomprising the field-value pair. Accordingly, the search engine wouldautomatically use the pre-generated inverted index, e.g., index 722 togenerate the results without any user-involvement that directs the useof the index.

Using the reference values in an inverted index to be able to directlyaccess the event data in the field searchable data store and extractfurther information from the associated event data for further filteringand processing is highly advantageous because it avoids incurring thecomputation overhead of regenerating the inverted index with additionalfields or performing a new search.

The data intake and query system includes one or more forwarders thatreceive raw machine data from a variety of input data sources, and oneor more indexers that process and store the data in one or more datastores. By distributing events among the indexers and data stores, theindexers can analyze events for a query in parallel. In one or moreembodiments, a multiple indexer implementation of the search systemwould maintain a separate and respective inverted index for each of theabove-described time-specific buckets that stores events for a specifictime range. A bucket-specific inverted index includes entries forspecific field-value combinations that occur in events in the specificbucket. As explained above, a search head would be able to correlate andsynthesize data from across the various buckets and indexers.

This feature advantageously expedites searches because instead ofperforming a computationally intensive search in a centrally locatedinverted index that catalogues all the relevant events, an indexer isable to directly search an inverted index stored in a bucket associatedwith the time-range specified in the query. This allows the search to beperformed in parallel across the various indexers. Further, if the queryrequests further filtering or processing to be conducted on the eventdata referenced by the locally stored bucket-specific inverted index,the indexer is able to simply access the event records stored in theassociated bucket for further filtering and processing instead ofneeding to access a central repository of event records, which woulddramatically add to the computational overhead.

In one embodiment, there may be multiple buckets associated with thetime-range specified in a query. If the query is directed to an invertedindex, or if the search engine automatically determines that using aninverted index would expedite the processing of the query, the indexerswill search through each of the inverted indexes associated with thebuckets for the specified time-range. This feature allows the HighPerformance Analytics Store to be scaled easily.

In certain instances, where a query is executed before a bucket-specificinverted index updates, when the bucket-specific inverted index may notcover all of the events that are relevant to a query, the system can usethe bucket-specific inverted index to obtain partial results for theevents that are covered by bucket-specific inverted index, but may alsohave to search through the event data in the bucket associated with thebucket-specific inverted index to produce additional results on the fly.In other words, an indexer would need to search through event datastored in the bucket (that was not yet processed by the indexer for thecorresponding inverted index) to supplement the partial results from thebucket-specific inverted index.

FIG. 7D presents a flowchart illustrating how an inverted index in apipelined search query can be used to determine a set of event data thatcan be further limited by filtering or processing in accordance with thedisclosed embodiments.

At block 742, a query is received by a data intake and query system. Insome embodiments, the query can be receive as a user generated queryentered into into search bar of a graphical user search interface. Thesearch interface also includes a time range control element that enablesspecification of a time range for the query.

At block 744, an inverted index is retrieved. Note, that the invertedindex can be retrieved in response to an explicit user search commandinputted as part of the user generated query. Alternatively, the searchengine can be configured to automatically use an inverted index if itdetermines that using the inverted index would expedite the servicing ofthe user generated query. Each of the entries in an inverted index keepstrack of instances of a specific value in a specific field in the eventdata and includes references to events containing the specific value inthe specific field. In order to expedite queries, in most embodiments,the search engine will employ the inverted index separate from the rawrecord data store to generate responses to the received queries.

At block 746, the query engine determines if the query contains furtherfiltering and processing steps. If the query contains no furthercommands, then, in one embodiment, summarization information can beprovided to the user at block 754.

If, however, the query does contain further filtering and processingcommands, then at block 750, the query engine determines if the commandsrelate to further filtering or processing of the data extracted as partof the inverted index or whether the commands are directed to using theinverted index as an initial filtering step to further filter andprocess event data referenced by the entries in the inverted index. Ifthe query can be completed using data already in the generated invertedindex, then the further filtering or processing steps, e.g., a “count”number of records function, “average” number of records per hour etc.are performed and the results are provided to the user at block 752.

If, however, the query references fields that are not extracted in theinverted index, then the indexers will access event data pointed to bythe reference values in the inverted index to retrieve any furtherinformation required at block 756. Subsequently, any further filteringor processing steps are performed on the fields extracted directly fromthe event data and the results are provided to the user at step 758.

2.13.4. Accelerating Report Generation

In some embodiments, a data server system such as the data intake andquery system can accelerate the process of periodically generatingupdated reports based on query results. To accelerate this process, asummarization engine automatically examines the query to determinewhether generation of updated reports can be accelerated by creatingintermediate summaries. If reports can be accelerated, the summarizationengine periodically generates a summary covering data obtained during alatest non-overlapping time period. For example, where the query seeksevents meeting a specified criteria, a summary for the time periodincludes only events within the time period that meet the specifiedcriteria. Similarly, if the query seeks statistics calculated from theevents, such as the number of events that match the specified criteria,then the summary for the time period includes the number of events inthe period that match the specified criteria.

In addition to the creation of the summaries, the summarization engineschedules the periodic updating of the report associated with the query.During each scheduled report update, the query engine determines whetherintermediate summaries have been generated covering portions of the timeperiod covered by the report update. If so, then the report is generatedbased on the information contained in the summaries. Also, if additionalevent data has been received and has not yet been summarized, and isrequired to generate the complete report, the query can be run on theseadditional events. Then, the results returned by this query on theadditional events, along with the partial results obtained from theintermediate summaries, can be combined to generate the updated report.This process is repeated each time the report is updated. Alternatively,if the system stores events in buckets covering specific time ranges,then the summaries can be generated on a bucket-by-bucket basis. Notethat producing intermediate summaries can save the work involved inre-running the query for previous time periods, so advantageously onlythe newer events needs to be processed while generating an updatedreport. These report acceleration techniques are described in moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,589,403, entitled “Compressed Journaling InEvent Tracking Files For Metadata Recovery And Replication”, issued on19 Nov. 2013, U.S. Pat. No. 8,412,696, entitled “Real Time Searching AndReporting”, issued on 2 Apr. 2011, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,589,375 and8,589,432, both also entitled “REAL TIME SEARCHING AND REPORTING”, bothissued on 19 Nov. 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

2.14. Security Features

The data intake and query system provides various schemas, dashboards,and visualizations that simplify developers' tasks to createapplications with additional capabilities. One such application is thean enterprise security application, such as SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE SECURITY,which performs monitoring and alerting operations and includes analyticsto facilitate identifying both known and unknown security threats basedon large volumes of data stored by the data intake and query system. Theenterprise security application provides the security practitioner withvisibility into security-relevant threats found in the enterpriseinfrastructure by capturing, monitoring, and reporting on data fromenterprise security devices, systems, and applications. Through the useof the data intake and query system searching and reportingcapabilities, the enterprise security application provides a top-downand bottom-up view of an organization's security posture.

The enterprise security application leverages the data intake and querysystem search-time normalization techniques, saved searches, andcorrelation searches to provide visibility into security-relevantthreats and activity and generate notable events for tracking. Theenterprise security application enables the security practitioner toinvestigate and explore the data to find new or unknown threats that donot follow signature-based patterns.

Conventional Security Information and Event Management (STEM) systemslack the infrastructure to effectively store and analyze large volumesof security-related data. Traditional SIEM systems typically use fixedschemas to extract data from pre-defined security-related fields at dataingestion time and store the extracted data in a relational database.This traditional data extraction process (and associated reduction indata size) that occurs at data ingestion time inevitably hampers futureincident investigations that may need original data to determine theroot cause of a security issue, or to detect the onset of an impendingsecurity threat.

In contrast, the enterprise security application system stores largevolumes of minimally-processed security-related data at ingestion timefor later retrieval and analysis at search time when a live securitythreat is being investigated. To facilitate this data retrieval process,the enterprise security application provides pre-specified schemas forextracting relevant values from the different types of security-relatedevents and enables a user to define such schemas.

The enterprise security application can process many types ofsecurity-related information. In general, this security-relatedinformation can include any information that can be used to identifysecurity threats. For example, the security-related information caninclude network-related information, such as IP addresses, domain names,asset identifiers, network traffic volume, uniform resource locatorstrings, and source addresses. The process of detecting security threatsfor network-related information is further described in U.S. Pat. No.8,826,434, entitled “SECURITY THREAT DETECTION BASED ON INDICATIONS INBIG DATA OF ACCESS TO NEWLY REGISTERED DOMAINS”, issued on 2 Sep. 2014,U.S. Pat. No. 9,215,240, entitled “INVESTIGATIVE AND DYNAMIC DETECTIONOF POTENTIAL SECURITY-THREAT INDICATORS FROM EVENTS IN BIG DATA”, issuedon 15 Dec. 2015, U.S. Pat. No. 9,173,801, entitled “GRAPHIC DISPLAY OFSECURITY THREATS BASED ON INDICATIONS OF ACCESS TO NEWLY REGISTEREDDOMAINS”, issued on 3 Nov. 2015, U.S. Pat. No. 9,248,068, entitled“SECURITY THREAT DETECTION OF NEWLY REGISTERED DOMAINS”, issued on 2Feb. 2016, U.S. Pat. No. 9,426,172, entitled “SECURITY THREAT DETECTIONUSING DOMAIN NAME ACCESSES”, issued on 23 Aug. 2016, and U.S. Pat. No.9,432,396, entitled “SECURITY THREAT DETECTION USING DOMAIN NAMEREGISTRATIONS”, issued on 30 Aug. 2016, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.Security-related information can also include malware infection data andsystem configuration information, as well as access control information,such as login/logout information and access failure notifications. Thesecurity-related information can originate from various sources within adata center, such as hosts, virtual machines, storage devices andsensors. The security-related information can also originate fromvarious sources in a network, such as routers, switches, email servers,proxy servers, gateways, firewalls and intrusion-detection systems.

During operation, the enterprise security application facilitatesdetecting “notable events” that are likely to indicate a securitythreat. A notable event represents one or more anomalous incidents, theoccurrence of which can be identified based on one or more events (e.g.,time stamped portions of raw machine data) fulfilling pre-specifiedand/or dynamically-determined (e.g., based on machine-learning) criteriadefined for that notable event. Examples of notable events include therepeated occurrence of an abnormal spike in network usage over a periodof time, a single occurrence of unauthorized access to system, a hostcommunicating with a server on a known threat list, and the like. Thesenotable events can be detected in a number of ways, such as: (1) a usercan notice a correlation in events and can manually identify that acorresponding group of one or more events amounts to a notable event; or(2) a user can define a “correlation search” specifying criteria for anotable event, and every time one or more events satisfy the criteria,the application can indicate that the one or more events correspond to anotable event; and the like. A user can alternatively select apre-defined correlation search provided by the application. Note thatcorrelation searches can be run continuously or at regular intervals(e.g., every hour) to search for notable events. Upon detection, notableevents can be stored in a dedicated “notable events index,” which can besubsequently accessed to generate various visualizations containingsecurity-related information. Also, alerts can be generated to notifysystem operators when important notable events are discovered.

The enterprise security application provides various visualizations toaid in discovering security threats, such as a “key indicators view”that enables a user to view security metrics, such as counts ofdifferent types of notable events. For example, FIG. 17A illustrates anexample key indicators view 1700 that comprises a dashboard, which candisplay a value 1701, for various security-related metrics, such asmalware infections 1702. It can also display a change in a metric value1703, which indicates that the number of malware infections increased by63 during the preceding interval. Key indicators view 1700 additionallydisplays a histogram panel 1704 that displays a histogram of notableevents organized by urgency values, and a histogram of notable eventsorganized by time intervals. This key indicators view is described infurther detail in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/956,338,entitled “Key Indicators View”, filed on 31 Jul. 2013, and which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

These visualizations can also include an “incident review dashboard”that enables a user to view and act on “notable events.” These notableevents can include: (1) a single event of high importance, such as anyactivity from a known web attacker; or (2) multiple events thatcollectively warrant review, such as a large number of authenticationfailures on a host followed by a successful authentication. For example,FIG. 17B illustrates an example incident review dashboard 1710 thatincludes a set of incident attribute fields 1711 that, for example,enables a user to specify a time range field 1712 for the displayedevents. It also includes a timeline 1713 that graphically illustratesthe number of incidents that occurred in time intervals over theselected time range. It additionally displays an events list 1714 thatenables a user to view a list of all of the notable events that matchthe criteria in the incident attributes fields 1711. To facilitateidentifying patterns among the notable events, each notable event can beassociated with an urgency value (e.g., low, medium, high, critical),which is indicated in the incident review dashboard. The urgency valuefor a detected event can be determined based on the severity of theevent and the priority of the system component associated with theevent.

2.15. Data Center Monitoring

As mentioned above, the data intake and query platform provides variousfeatures that simplify the developers's task to create variousapplications. One such application is a virtual machine monitoringapplication, such as SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® that provides operationalvisibility into granular performance metrics, logs, tasks and events,and topology from hosts, virtual machines and virtual centers. Itempowers administrators with an accurate real-time picture of the healthof the environment, proactively identifying performance and capacitybottlenecks.

Conventional data-center-monitoring systems lack the infrastructure toeffectively store and analyze large volumes of machine-generated data,such as performance information and log data obtained from the datacenter. In conventional data-center-monitoring systems,machine-generated data is typically pre-processed prior to being stored,for example, by extracting pre-specified data items and storing them ina database to facilitate subsequent retrieval and analysis at searchtime. However, the rest of the data is not saved and discarded duringpre-processing.

In contrast, the virtual machine monitoring application stores largevolumes of minimally processed machine data, such as performanceinformation and log data, at ingestion time for later retrieval andanalysis at search time when a live performance issue is beinginvestigated. In addition to data obtained from various log files, thisperformance-related information can include values for performancemetrics obtained through an application programming interface (API)provided as part of the vSphere Hypervisor™ system distributed byVMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. For example, these performance metricscan include: (1) CPU-related performance metrics; (2) disk-relatedperformance metrics; (3) memory-related performance metrics; (4)network-related performance metrics; (5) energy-usage statistics; (6)data-traffic-related performance metrics; (7) overall systemavailability performance metrics; (8) cluster-related performancemetrics; and (9) virtual machine performance statistics. Suchperformance metrics are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/167,316, entitled “Correlation For User-Selected Time Ranges OfValues For Performance Metrics Of Components In AnInformation-Technology Environment With Log Data From ThatInformation-Technology Environment”, filed on 29 Jan. 2014, and which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

To facilitate retrieving information of interest from performance dataand log files, the virtual machine monitoring application providespre-specified schemas for extracting relevant values from differenttypes of performance-related events, and also enables a user to definesuch schemas.

The virtual machine monitoring application additionally provides variousvisualizations to facilitate detecting and diagnosing the root cause ofperformance problems. For example, one such visualization is a“proactive monitoring tree” that enables a user to easily view andunderstand relationships among various factors that affect theperformance of a hierarchically structured computing system. Thisproactive monitoring tree enables a user to easily navigate thehierarchy by selectively expanding nodes representing various entities(e.g., virtual centers or computing clusters) to view performanceinformation for lower-level nodes associated with lower-level entities(e.g., virtual machines or host systems). Example node-expansionoperations are illustrated in FIG. 17C, wherein nodes 1733 and 1734 areselectively expanded. Note that nodes 1731-1739 can be displayed usingdifferent patterns or colors to represent different performance states,such as a critical state, a warning state, a normal state or anunknown/offline state. The ease of navigation provided by selectiveexpansion in combination with the associated performance-stateinformation enables a user to quickly diagnose the root cause of aperformance problem. The proactive monitoring tree is described infurther detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,185,007, entitled “PROACTIVEMONITORING TREE WITH SEVERITY STATE SORTING”, issued on 10 Nov. 2015,and U.S. Pat. No. 9,426,045, also entitled “PROACTIVE MONITORING TREEWITH SEVERITY STATE SORTING”, issued on 23 Aug. 2016, each of which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

The virtual machine monitoring application also provides a userinterface that enables a user to select a specific time range and thenview heterogeneous data comprising events, log data, and associatedperformance metrics for the selected time range. For example, the screenillustrated in FIG. 17D displays a listing of recent “tasks and events”and a listing of recent “log entries” for a selected time range above aperformance-metric graph for “average CPU core utilization” for theselected time range. Note that a user is able to operate pull-down menus1742 to selectively display different performance metric graphs for theselected time range. This enables the user to correlate trends in theperformance-metric graph with corresponding event and log data toquickly determine the root cause of a performance problem. This userinterface is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/167,316, entitled “Correlation For User-Selected Time Ranges OfValues For Performance Metrics Of Components In AnInformation-Technology Environment With Log Data From ThatInformation-Technology Environment”, filed on 29 Jan. 2014, and which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

2.16. IT Service Monitoring

As previously mentioned, the data intake and query platform providesvarious schemas, dashboards and visualizations that make it easy fordevelopers to create applications to provide additional capabilities.One such application is an IT monitoring application, such as SPLUNK® ITSERVICE INTELLIGENCE™, which performs monitoring and alertingoperations. The IT monitoring application also includes analytics tohelp an analyst diagnose the root cause of performance problems based onlarge volumes of data stored by the data intake and query system ascorrelated to the various services an IT organization provides (aservice-centric view). This differs significantly from conventional ITmonitoring systems that lack the infrastructure to effectively store andanalyze large volumes of service-related events. Traditional servicemonitoring systems typically use fixed schemas to extract data frompre-defined fields at data ingestion time, wherein the extracted data istypically stored in a relational database. This data extraction processand associated reduction in data content that occurs at data ingestiontime inevitably hampers future investigations, when all of the originaldata may be needed to determine the root cause of or contributingfactors to a service issue.

In contrast, an IT monitoring application system stores large volumes ofminimally-processed service-related data at ingestion time for laterretrieval and analysis at search time, to perform regular monitoring, orto investigate a service issue. To facilitate this data retrievalprocess, the IT monitoring application enables a user to define an IToperations infrastructure from the perspective of the services itprovides. In this service-centric approach, a service such as corporatee-mail may be defined in terms of the entities employed to provide theservice, such as host machines and network devices. Each entity isdefined to include information for identifying all of the events thatpertains to the entity, whether produced by the entity itself or byanother machine, and considering the many various ways the entity may beidentified in machine data (such as by a URL, an IP address, or machinename). The service and entity definitions can organize events around aservice so that all of the events pertaining to that service can beeasily identified. This capability provides a foundation for theimplementation of Key Performance Indicators.

One or more Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) are defined for a servicewithin the IT monitoring application. Each KPI measures an aspect ofservice performance at a point in time or over a period of time (aspectKPI's). Each KPI is defined by a search query that derives a KPI valuefrom the machine data of events associated with the entities thatprovide the service. Information in the entity definitions may be usedto identify the appropriate events at the time a KPI is defined orwhenever a KPI value is being determined. The KPI values derived overtime may be stored to build a valuable repository of current andhistorical performance information for the service, and the repository,itself, may be subject to search query processing. Aggregate KPIs may bedefined to provide a measure of service performance calculated from aset of service aspect KPI values; this aggregate may even be takenacross defined timeframes and/or across multiple services. A particularservice may have an aggregate KPI derived from substantially all of theaspect KPI's of the service to indicate an overall health score for theservice.

The IT monitoring application facilitates the production of meaningfulaggregate KPI's through a system of KPI thresholds and state values.Different KPI definitions may produce values in different ranges, and sothe same value may mean something very different from one KPI definitionto another. To address this, the IT monitoring application implements atranslation of individual KPI values to a common domain of “state”values. For example, a KPI range of values may be 1-100, or 50-275,while values in the state domain may be ‘critical,’ ‘warning,’ ‘normal,’and ‘informational’. Thresholds associated with a particular KPIdefinition determine ranges of values for that KPI that correspond tothe various state values. In one case, KPI values 95-100 may be set tocorrespond to ‘critical’ in the state domain. KPI values from disparateKPI's can be processed uniformly once they are translated into thecommon state values using the thresholds. For example, “normal 80% ofthe time” can be applied across various KPI's. To provide meaningfulaggregate KPI's, a weighting value can be assigned to each KPI so thatits influence on the calculated aggregate KPI value is increased ordecreased relative to the other KPI's.

One service in an IT environment often impacts, or is impacted by,another service. The IT monitoring application can reflect thesedependencies. For example, a dependency relationship between a corporatee-mail service and a centralized authentication service can be reflectedby recording an association between their respective servicedefinitions. The recorded associations establish a service dependencytopology that informs the data or selection options presented in a GUI,for example. (The service dependency topology is like a “map” showinghow services are connected based on their dependencies.) The servicetopology may itself be depicted in a GUI and may be interactive to allownavigation among related services.

Entity definitions in the IT monitoring application can includeinformational fields that can serve as metadata, implied data fields, orattributed data fields for the events identified by other aspects of theentity definition. Entity definitions in the IT monitoring applicationcan also be created and updated by an import of tabular data (asrepresented in a CSV, another delimited file, or a search query resultset). The import may be GUI-mediated or processed using importparameters from a GUI-based import definition process. Entitydefinitions in the IT monitoring application can also be associated witha service by means of a service definition rule. Processing the ruleresults in the matching entity definitions being associated with theservice definition. The rule can be processed at creation time, andthereafter on a scheduled or on-demand basis. This allows dynamic,rule-based updates to the service definition.

During operation, the IT monitoring application can recognize notableevents that may indicate a service performance problem or othersituation of interest. These notable events can be recognized by a“correlation search” specifying trigger criteria for a notable event:every time KPI values satisfy the criteria, the application indicates anotable event. A severity level for the notable event may also bespecified. Furthermore, when trigger criteria are satisfied, thecorrelation search may additionally or alternatively cause a serviceticket to be created in an IT service management (ITSM) system, such asa systems available from ServiceNow, Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif.

SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides various visualizations builton its service-centric organization of events and the KPI valuesgenerated and collected. Visualizations can be particularly useful formonitoring or investigating service performance. The IT monitoringapplication provides a service monitoring interface suitable as the homepage for ongoing IT service monitoring. The interface is appropriate forsettings such as desktop use or for a wall-mounted display in a networkoperations center (NOC). The interface may prominently display aservices health section with tiles for the aggregate KPI's indicatingoverall health for defined services and a general KPI section with tilesfor KPI's related to individual service aspects. These tiles may displayKPI information in a variety of ways, such as by being colored andordered according to factors like the KPI state value. They also can beinteractive and navigate to visualizations of more detailed KPIinformation.

The IT monitoring application provides a service-monitoring dashboardvisualization based on a user-defined template. The template can includeuser-selectable widgets of varying types and styles to display KPIinformation. The content and the appearance of widgets can responddynamically to changing KPI information. The KPI widgets can appear inconjunction with a background image, user drawing objects, or othervisual elements, that depict the IT operations environment, for example.The KPI widgets or other GUI elements can be interactive so as toprovide navigation to visualizations of more detailed KPI information.

The IT monitoring application provides a visualization showing detailedtime-series information for multiple KPI's in parallel graph lanes. Thelength of each lane can correspond to a uniform time range, while thewidth of each lane may be automatically adjusted to fit the displayedKPI data. Data within each lane may be displayed in a user selectablestyle, such as a line, area, or bar chart. During operation a user mayselect a position in the time range of the graph lanes to activate laneinspection at that point in time. Lane inspection may display anindicator for the selected time across the graph lanes and display theKPI value associated with that point in time for each of the graphlanes. The visualization may also provide navigation to an interface fordefining a correlation search, using information from the visualizationto pre-populate the definition.

The IT monitoring application provides a visualization for incidentreview showing detailed information for notable events. The incidentreview visualization may also show summary information for the notableevents over a time frame, such as an indication of the number of notableevents at each of a number of severity levels. The severity leveldisplay may be presented as a rainbow chart with the warmest colorassociated with the highest severity classification. The incident reviewvisualization may also show summary information for the notable eventsover a time frame, such as the number of notable events occurring withinsegments of the time frame. The incident review visualization maydisplay a list of notable events within the time frame ordered by anynumber of factors, such as time or severity. The selection of aparticular notable event from the list may display detailed informationabout that notable event, including an identification of the correlationsearch that generated the notable event.

The IT monitoring application provides pre-specified schemas forextracting relevant values from the different types of service-relatedevents. It also enables a user to define such schemas.

3.0. User Behavior Analytics Overview

As previously discussed, SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE SECURITY performs monitoringand alerting operations and includes analytics to facilitate identifyingboth known and unknown security threats based on large volumes ofmachine data associated with customers of Splunk Inc. Variousembodiments of SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE SECURITY can be deployed within adistributed computing environment managed by a customer. Someembodiments include a user behavior analytics (UBA) deployment thatoperates to monitor the IT infrastructure of the customer. The UBAdeployment allows users associated with the customer to configurevarious types of “actor” based models capable of detecting anomalousevents (anomalies) and indications of compromise (IoCs). These modelscan be deployed as containerized microservices that execute within thedistributed computing environment. Accordingly, embodiments of SPLUNK®ENTERPRISE SECURITY provide customers with an enhanced ability tocustomize threat detection, potentially increasing the robustness of theIT infrastructure to malicious attacks. The distributed computingenvironment, UBA deployment, and other related system components aredescribed in greater detail below in conjunction with FIGS. 18-32.

3.1. User Behavior Analytics Deployment

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example distributed computingenvironment, in accordance with example embodiments. As shown, adistributed computing environment 1800 includes user behavior analytics(UBA) deployment 1810 coupled to UBA management 1840.

UBA deployment 1810 includes a collection of interconnected computingdevices configured to collectively process data. UBA deployment 1810 mayoperate in the context of a private network associated with an ITinfrastructure, a private cloud managed by a cloud services provider, orany other technically feasible type of distributed computingenvironment. As such, each device included in UBA deployment may be aphysical computing device or a virtualized instance of a computingdevice. UBA deployment 1810 receives data that is generated by datasources 202 (also shown in FIGS. 2-4) and transported to UBA deployment1810 via connectors 1830. Data sources 202 are typically associated witha customer of Splunk, Inc. and may generate the various types of machinedata previously discussed. Connectors 1830, in turn, may process thatmachine data to extract time-based events in the manner also previouslydiscussed.

UBA deployment 1810 includes load balancers 1812, pre-processing cluster1814, streaming cluster 1816, batch cluster 1818, and threat models1820. Load balancers 1812 include a set queues that collect incomingevent data received from connectors 1822. In some embodiments,connectors 1830 include load balancers 1812. Pre-processing cluster 1814includes a collection of worker nodes that operate containerizedmicroservices to pre-process event data. The pre-processed event data isthen pushed back into load balancers 1812. Load balancers 1812 andpre-processing cluster 1814 are described in greater detail below inconjunction with FIGS. 19-20. Streaming cluster 1816 includes acollection of worker nodes that execute containerized microservices forperforming real-time analytics with pre-processed event data consumedfrom load balancers 1812. Streaming cluster 1816 is described in greaterdetail below in conjunction with FIGS. 21-23. Batch cluster 1818includes containerized microservices that execute periodically toprocess historical data aggregated into various data stores. Batchcluster is described in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG.24. In operation, streaming cluster 1816 and batch cluster 1818 consumeevent data from load balancers 1812 and process that data to identifyone or more anomalies 1822. Threat models 1820 may then analyze thoseanomalies to identify potential threats.

UBA management 1840 is a management entity that configures and managesUBA deployment 1810. UBA management 1840 includes deployment manager1842 and configuration manager 1844. Deployment manager 1842 configuresbaseline computing device instances included in UBA deployment 1810 foroperation. In doing so, UBA management 1840 may instantiate or “spin up”computing instances, monitor instance health, perform software updateswith those instances, terminate failing instances, and perform otherdeployment management tasks.

Configuration manager 1844 updates UBA deployment 1810 with variouscustomizations provided by the user(s) of UBA deployment 1810 connectedvia client 1850. These customizations typically assume the form of UBAmodels, including streaming and batch models, that operate on real-timeor historical machine data, respectively, to detect anomalies.Configuration manager 1844 interacts with client 1850 to obtain one ormore content packages 1852 that define these models, as well as variousother information used to configure UBA deployment 1810. In particular,content package 1852 may define any of the following:

-   -   One or more models (batch or streaming)    -   Anomaly descriptions and categories    -   Tables to be processed by batch models and associated time        ranges    -   Extract-transform-load parsers    -   Extraction rules    -   Load balancing configurations    -   Specific type(s) of real-time data for streaming models to        consume    -   Other configuration parameters described in greater detail        herein.

Configuration manager 1844 parses content package 1852 and extracts someor all of the above data, if present, and then performs various steps toupdate the configuration of UBA deployment 1810. These steps aredescribed in greater detail below in conjunction with FIGS. 25-29.

3.2. Load Balancing and Event Pre-Processing

FIG. 19 is a more detailed illustration of the load balancers andpre-processing cluster of FIG. 18, in accordance with exampleembodiments. As shown, load balancers 1812 includes a set of topics1900. Each topic 1900 is configured as a partitioned queue that buffersdata for consumption by consumers included in pre-processing cluster1814, streaming cluster 1816, and/or batch cluster 1818. Load balancers1812 generally implement a publish/subscribe data pattern, where variousconsumers subscribe to one or more topics 1900, and load balancers 1812publish data associated with those topics to the appropriate consumersas that data becomes available. In practice, load balancers 1812 may beimplemented as Kafka queues managed by a synchronization utility such asZookeeper, although any other queueing mechanism that supports thepublish/subscribe pattern (and an associated synchronization utility)may be implemented.

As also shown, topic 1900′ is configured to receive event data fromconnectors 1830. As discussed, event data includes machine data that hasbeen indexed based on associated timestamps. Thus, each individual eventincluded in event data may include a portion of machine data and anassociated timestamp based on which that portion of machine data can belocated. Elements within pre-processing cluster 1814 subscribe to topic1900′ to perform pre-processing operations with the event data storedtherein.

Pre-processing cluster 1814 includes a set of worker nodes 1912. Eachworker node 1912 may be implemented as a separate virtualized instanceof a computing device. For example, a given worker node 1912 could be anAmazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance configured with specificsettings. Each worker node 1912 includes a set of containerizedmicroservices 1914. Each containerized microservice 1914 generallycomprises a microservice implemented within a container. Variouscontainer technologies may be implemented, although in practicepre-processing cluster 1912 implements Docker containers.

As referred to herein, a “container” is a software package that mayinclude all code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings neededfor consistent and isolated execution across different computingplatforms. In general, execution of a given container on a specificdevice may occur without disrupting the execution of other containers(and other code) executing on that same device. As also referred toherein, a “microservice” refers to any executable code that performs afine-grained and modular service via a lightweight protocol. In otherwords, a particular microservice performs a specifically definedfunction. According to these definitions, a “containerized microservice”includes a microservice embedded into a container, thereby providing aspecific functional service in an isolated container-based environment.

Each containerized microservice 1914 included in a given worker node1912 is configured to subscribe to topic 1900′ to perform pre-processingoperations with queued event data stored therein and/or raw machinedata. Those pre-processing operations may include timestamp taggingoperations, parsing operations, extraction operations, transformationand filtration operations, loading operations, tokenization operations,and so forth. Some or all containerized microservices 1914 performextract-transform-load (ETL) operations. The pre-processing operationsimplemented by containerized microservices 1914 generally add structureto the relatively unstructured event data in topic 1900′. Accordingly,data generated by containerized microservices 1914 is referred to hereinas “structured event data.” This structured event data may includeextracted fields and field values and corresponding searchable indicesand may adhere to a row/column format similar to data stored in aconventional relational database. Some or all containerizedmicroservices 1914 may be pre-defined (or pre-canned) containersspecified by Splunk, Inc. within UBA deployment 1910. However,containerized microservices 1914 may also be configured by the user viacontent package 1852 to perform customized parsing, extraction, andother ETL operations with event data.

A given containerized microservice 1914 generates structured event dataand then pushes some or all of that structured event data into aspecific topic 1900 according to the particular pre-processingoperations performed. For example, a given containerized microservice1914 could perform an extraction process with a portion of event dataconsumed from topic 1900′ to extract an event type from each event. Thecontainerized microservice 1914 could then index those events based ontype, and push the indexed events into a topic 1900. Additionally, thecontainerized microservice 1914 could filter the indexed events toidentify events having a specific type, and then push only thoseidentified events into one or more corresponding topics 1900 configuredto store events having that specific type. In performing this process,one or more containerized microservices 1914 may push replicated eventdata into different topics 1900 under various circumstances, asdescribed below in conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of how pre-processing cluster 1814replicates event data during an extract-transform-load operation, inaccordance with exemplary embodiments. As shown, load balancers 1812includes exemplary topics 2000(0) through 2000(4), labeled http_user,http_, http_domain, login_user, and login_device, respectively. Eachtopic 2000 is configured to store event data having a specific type(e.g., http or login) that originates from a specific source (e.g.,user, device, domain). Containerized microservices 1914 consume eventdata from topic 1900′, as shown, and then parse that event data toextract the type and source of each event. In some cases, each event maybe associated with more than one type. For example, a given event may bedescribed as both a “login” and “http” type event. In such cases,containerized microservices 1914 may replicate events across topics2000. In the above example, the given event may be replicated across thehttp_user topic 2000(0) and the login_user topic 2000(3). Thisreplication provides downstream consumers, including streaming cluster1816 and batch cluster 1818, with enhanced capacity to consumespecifically targeted events.

3.3. Analyzing Event Data Via Streaming Models

FIG. 21 is a more detailed illustration of the streaming cluster of FIG.20, in accordance with example embodiments. As shown, streaming cluster1816 includes a collection of worker nodes 2100, each of which includesa set of containerized microservices 2102. Similar to worker nodes 1912discussed above, each worker node 2100 is a virtualized instance of acomputing device, such as, e.g., an Amazon EC2 instance. Similar tocontainerized microservices 1914 discussed above, a given containerizedmicroservice 2102 includes code and other resources that implement aspecific microservice, embedded in a containerized environment.

Each containerized microservice 2102 subscribes to one or more topics1900 included in load balancers 1812 and executes one or more functionsto process structured event data consumed from the subscribed topics.The functions executed by a given containerized microservice 1812generally implement a specific streaming model that adheres to the“actor” model programming paradigm. A given streaming model typicallyperforms user behavior analytics with the consumed structured eventdata, and optionally maintains internal state to track the behavior ofentities that produce that structured event data. Containerizedmicroservices 2102 may implement machine learning to score and train theassociated streaming models, using techniques known in the art of datamodelling.

In one embodiment, one or more containerized microservices 2102 mayperform some or all functionality associated with containerizedmicroservices 1914, potentially obviating the need for pre-processingcluster 1814. For example, a containerized microservice 2102 couldperform pre-processing operations with event data to generate structuredevent data. Then, other containerized microservices 2102 could consumethis structured event data and execute streaming models in the mannerdiscussed herein. In another embodiment, one or more containerizedmicroservices 2102 may also process raw machine data and performtimestamp tagging operations to generate event data, and then processthat event data to generate structured event data.

Some or all containerized microservices 2102 may implement the samestreaming model, or some or all containerized microservices 2102 mayimplement different streaming models. In addition, the processingresources afforded to a particular streaming model can be scaled up ordown by allocating or deallocating additional containerizedmicroservices 2102 that execute the streaming model. Each worker node2100 snapshots the internal state of the containerized microservices2102 included therein. During scaling or failover, a given worker node2100 may copy this internal state over to a newly provisionedcontainerized microservice 2102 at the behest of deployment manager1842. Containerized microservices 2102 process structured event dataand, by executing streaming models with that data, generate anomalies1822 and/or indications of compromise (IoCs). Each anomaly 1822 (or IoC)generally provides a description of anomalous behavior detected in thestructured event data processed with a given containerized microservice2102.

As mentioned above, the user of UBA deployment 1810 may interact withconfiguration manager 1844 to update the configuration of UBA deployment1810. In doing so, the user may upload content package 1852 that definesone or more of the streaming models discussed above, indicates topicsthat provide those streaming models with relevant data, and describesanomalies the streaming models are configured to detect (among otherthings). To define a streaming model, content package 1852 includesspecific classes that implement the desired streaming model. Theseclasses are typically written in Java or Scala code that is to beinstalled within containerized microservices 2102 when UBA deployment1810 is updated. To indicate the particular topics 1900 to which a givencontainerized microservice 2102 should subscribe, content package 1852specifies the particular type of data needed (e.g., http, network,login, etc.) and also a particular entity type associated with that data(e.g., user, device, domain, etc.). Based on this information, thecontainerized microservice 2102 determines which topics 1900 should beconsumed. To describe an anomaly to be detected, content package 1852includes specific fields and field values, tags, keywords, and othermetadata that may be present within a given event and may indicateanomalous behavior. Content package 1852, and the configuration ofcontainerized microservices, is discussed in greater detail below inconjunction with FIGS. 25-27.

In some cases, content package 1852 may indicate that the containerizedmicroservices 2102 configured to implement a given streaming modelshould subscribe to relevant topic(s) 1900 using keys. The keyassociated with a particular containerized microservice 2102 maycorrespond to a specific entity type (e.g., user, device, domain, etc.).An example of this scenario is described in greater detail below inconjunction with FIG. 22.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of how the containerized microservices ofFIG. 21 subscribe to topics using keys, in accordance with exampleembodiments. As shown, three streaming models 2200 subscribe to thehttp_user topic 2000(0). Each of these three streaming models 2200 isconfigured, via content package 1852, to consume http event data that isderived from the user entity type and keyed on a per-entity basis.Accordingly, each streaming model 2200 is associated with a differentkey and thereby configured to consume http_user data associated with adifferent user.

In particular, streaming model 2200(0) consumes http_user dataassociated with user X, and therefore represents a model of the behaviorof user X. Likewise, streaming model 2200(1) consumes http_user dataassociated with user Y, and therefore represents a model of the behaviorof user Y. Similarly, streaming model 2200(2) consumes http_user dataassociated with user Z, and therefore represents a model of the behaviorof user Z. In this manner, streaming models (and the containerizedmicroservices 2102 that execute those models) can be configured toimplement fine-grained load balancing. FIG. 22 illustrates another loadbalancing approach.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of how the containerized microservices ofFIG. 21 subscribe to topics without using keys, in accordance withexample embodiments. As shown, each streaming model 2200 subscribes tothe http_user topic 2000(0) and is provided with a ⅓ fraction ofhttp_user events. In the absence of keys, load balancer 1812 may publishthe contents of http_user topic 2000(0) in a round robin fashion. Thisparticular load balancing configuration may be specified in contentpackage 1852 as having a per group of entities granularity, because eachstreaming model 2000 processes events associated with groups ofdifferent users.

Referring generally to FIGS. 22-23, any given collection ofcontainerized microservices 2102 that implement a given streaming model2200 can be configured, via content package 1852, to implement a varietyof different load balancing approaches, including those discussed above.Those containerized microservices 2102 can also be associated with oneor more specific distribution groups and provided with event data basedon those groups. Generally, content package 1852 can specify anytechnically feasible form or event subscription.

3.4. Analyzing Event Data Via Batch Models

FIG. 24 is a more detailed illustration of the batch cluster of FIG. 19,in accordance with example embodiments. As shown, batch cluster 1818includes aggregators 2400 and datastores 2410 coupled together.Aggregators 2400 are coupled upstream to load balancers 1812 andconfigured to subscribe to various topics 1900 included in loadbalancers 1812. Aggregators 2400 aggregate structured event datapublished by load balancers 1812 and transmit this aggregated datadownstream to datastores 2410 for storage and processing within tables2412. In one embodiment, data stores 2410 are Hadoop Distributed FileSystem (HDFS) instances, and tables 2412 are configured as sets of rowsand columns with a pre-defined schema. In this embodiment, data storedin each datastore 2410 may be indexed according to various attributes,including source, user, and so forth.

Each datastore 2410 generally stores a different type of data.Accordingly, each aggregator 2400 may aggregate data from a specific setof topics 1900 and then provide that aggregated data to particular oneor more datastores 2410. For example, a network datastore 2410 couldstore network data. A given set of aggregators 2400 would aggregatenetwork data from specific topics 1900 that queue network data, and thenprovide that aggregated network data to the network datastore 2410. Inanother example, a login datastore 2410 could store login data. A givenset of aggregators 2400 would aggregate login data from specific topics1900 that include login data, and then provide that aggregated logindata to the login datastore 2410. Because certain event data isreplicated across different topics 1900, as mentioned before, similarredundancies may also exist across different datastores 2410.

Batch cluster 1818 can be configured to implement one or more batchmodels in order to execute various user-defined functions on historicaldata sets, as discussed. These batch models are defined in contentpackage 1852 and configured to execute on a cron schedule, with specifictables, with particular interval parameters, and with specific anomalydefinitions. When a batch model is scheduled to execute, deploymentmanager 1842 reads the configuration of the batch model and determinesthe specific tables with which the batch model is to process. Then,deployment manager 1842 identifies the particular datastore 2410 wherethose tables reside, and instantiates one or more containerizedmicroservices 2414 on the identified data store 2410, thereby providingdata locality to the containerized microservice 2414. A givencontainerized microservice 2414 could include, for example, an ApacheSpark cluster.

After instantiation, deployment manager 1842 then configures thecontainerized microservices 2414 to retrieve a portion of data from theassociated table 2412 that falls within the interval parameters. In somecases, a containerized microservice 2414 may access multiple tables andperform join operations with those tables, including tables distributedacross different datastores 2410. Once the relevant data is retrieved,the containerized microservices 2414 then execute the correspondingbatch model with that data to detect one or more anomalies 1822, asdefined in the associated anomaly definitions. Upon completion of thebatch processing task, deployment manager 1842 destroys the associatedcontainerized microservices 2414.

As an example of this process, suppose a containerized microservice 2414is configured to implement a statistical model that characterizes thebehavior of a specific user based on the number of user logins over atime period. The containerized microservice 2414 would retrieve from alogin datastore 2410 a portion of user login data that falls within acertain time interval, say 30 days. Then, the containerized microservice2414 would execute the statistical model to count the number of loginsassociated with the user over the 30-day period. In doing so, thecontainerized microservice 2414 could identify any simultaneous loginsat different locations. This type of behavior could indicate that theaccount of the user has been compromised. The containerized microservice2414 could output an IoC or an anomaly 1822 that includes datareferencing the simultaneous logins. When the containerized microservice2414 finishes this processing task, deployment manager 1842 destroys thecontainerized microservice 2414.

In one embodiment, one or more containerized microservices 2414 mayperform some or all functionality associated with containerizedmicroservices 1914, potentially obviating the need for pre-processingcluster 1814. For example, a containerized microservice 2414 couldperform pre-processing operations with aggregated event data to generatestructured aggregated event data. Then, other containerizedmicroservices 2414 could consume this data and execute batch models inthe manner discussed herein. In another embodiment, one or morecontainerized microservices 2414 may also process raw machine data andperform timestamp tagging operations to generate aggregated event data,and then process that data to generate structured event data for storagein datastores 2410.

3.5. UBA Management

FIG. 25 is a more detailed illustration of the deployment manager ofFIG. 19, in accordance with example embodiments. As shown, deploymentmanager 1842 includes a distributed computing manager (DCM) 2500, aservices queue 2502, a deployment configuration 2504, an orchestrator2510, and an image database (DB) 2512. DCM 2500 and orchestrator 2510are both coupled to services queue 2502 and image DB 2512.

DCM 2500 is a supervisor application configured to manage and monitorthe deployment, initiation, and execution of the various worker nodes,containerized microservices, load balancers, aggregators, and othercomputing devices deployed within UBA deployment 1810. In doing so, DCM2500 generates and maintains the architecture of UBA deployment 1810based on deployment configuration 2504. Deployment configuration 2504may specify the different types of computing devices included in UBAdeployment 1810, replication factors for those devices, connections andother communication channels between the devices, startup andinitialization functionality for the devices, and any other informationneeded to generate a complete deployment. In addition, DCM 2500 mayprovision additional worker nodes upon determining that any one or moreworker nodes is under-resourced. In one embodiment, DCM 2500 is aKubernetes application that interacts with Kubelet applicationsexecuting within each containerized microservice within UBA deployment1810. DCM 2500 may also be configured to snapshot the state of thevarious UBA models executed by the containerized microservices of UBAdeployment 1810 and to migrate those snapshots during containerprovisioning and/or failover (or cause the associated containerizedmicroservices to perform these operations). Conventionally, a user wouldneed to manually setup a deployment such as UBA deployment 1810 (e.g.,via the Amazon Web Services console). However, deployment manager 1842is capable of generating UBA deployment 1810 in a manner that istransparent to the user.

Orchestrator 2510 is an interface to DCM 2500 that exposes a library offunction calls for performing various configuration tasks via DCM 2500.Orchestrator 2510 is generally a thin layer over DCM 2500 that providesthe ability to swap DCM 2500 for a new management utility withoutneeding to rewrite code that was previously meant to interface with DCM2500 to instead interface with that new management utility. Orchestrator2510 is also configured to register services provided by thecontainerized microservices within UBA deployment 1810 with DCM 2500 viaservices queue 2502. In doing so, orchestrator 2510 pushes thedefinitions of those services into services queue 2502. DCM 2500 popsthese service definitions from services queue 2502, and then managesstartup, failure recovery, shutdown, and other operations of thoseservices. These services are defined with the correspondingcontainerized microservices which, in turn, are defined within contentpackage 1852. In some embodiments, orchestrator 2510 is also configuredto manage specific aspects of UBA deployment 1810 described inconjunction with DCM 2500, including container monitoring, replicationfactors, container provisioning, and so forth.

Image DB 2512 is a database that stores images of containerizedmicroservices. Orchestrator 2510 is configured to interact with image DB2512 in order to update those images when content package 1852 isuploaded. The different containerized microservices are configured toaccess image DB 2512 in order to retrieve and execute container images.Generally, image DB 2512 stores a single type of container image thatimplements any and all functionality associated with the differentcontainerized microservices discussed thus far, includingpre-processing, streaming processing, and batch processing. When a givencontainerized microservice initiates with a version of the containerimage, orchestrator 2510 and/or DCM 2500 configures the containerizedmicroservice to perform a specific subset of the functionality set forthin that image. Image DB 2512 may be configured with a default orbaseline container image, which can be subsequently updated withadditional code provided via content package 1852. Updating image DB2512 via content package 1852 is described in greater detail below.

FIG. 26 is a more detailed illustration of the configuration manager ofFIG. 19, in accordance with example embodiments. As shown configurationmanager 1844 includes a representational state transfer (REST) server2600, an application (app) manager 2602, and a user interface 2604.

User interface 2604 allows a user to upload content package 1852 andalso generally provides the user with access to configuration manager1844. User interface 2604 may be a web page rendered via a browser onclient 1850 or a standalone application. REST server 2600 provides acommunication channel between user interface 2604 and deployment manager1842. Specifically, REST server 2600 exposes an application programminginterface (API) via which user interface 2604 executes function calls tocause deployment manager 1842 to perform various operations, includingdeploying code to UBA deployment 1810 and provisioning containerizedmicroservices. App manager 2602 is also configured to interact with RESTserver 2600 in order to process content package 1852.

In operation, the user uploads content package 1852 to configurationmanager 1844 via user interface 2604. REST server 2600 receives contentpackage 1852 and transmits that package to app manager 2602. App manager2602 unpackages content package 1852 and extracts various configurationfiles for configuring containerized microservices and program code thatdefines those containerized microservices (as discussed in greaterdetail below). Then, app manager 2602 access image DB 2512 included indeployment manager 1842 and retrieves the most recent container image.App manager 2602 then updates that container image by adding theconfiguration files and program code included therein to specificlocations within that container image. App manager 2602 then uploads theupdated container image to image DB 2512 and instructs orchestrator 2510to reboot all containerized microservices included in BA deployment1810. On reboot, each containerized microservice accesses image DB 2512and pulls the most recent container image (in this example, the recentlyupdated image). Each containerized microservice then starts up with thenew image and executes a startup script to execute specific code(including particular UBA model types) associated with each suchcontainerized microservice. In conjunction with these operations,orchestrator 2510 pushes any newly defined services associated with theupdated container image into services queue 2502. DCM 2500 theninitiates and maintains those new services via interactions with theupdated containers that implement those new services.

3.6. Generating a Content Package

FIG. 27 is a more detailed illustration of the client of FIG. 19, inaccordance with example embodiments. As shown, client 1850 includes userinterface 2604′, UBA software development kit (SDK) 2700, configurationfiles 2702, and model classes 2704. User interface 2604′ is a version ofuser interface 2604 that is rendered on client 1850. UBA SDK 2700 is asoftware application that allows the user to combine configuration files2702 with model classes 2704 to generate content package 1852.

A given model class 2704 includes program code (typically Java or Scala)that defines a streaming or batch UBA model. Streaming models aregenerally described based on the “actor” model paradigm and mayimplement machine learning to generate a model of processed data. In oneembodiment, batch models may follow this paradigm as well. A givenconfiguration file 2702 defines various configuration parameters for oneor more model classes 2704 and/or specific pre-canned containers presentin UBA deployment 1810, such as e.g. containerized microservices 1914discussed in conjunction with FIG. 19. More specifically, a givenconfiguration file 2702 may reference or define any of the following:

-   -   One or more streaming models    -   One or more batch models    -   A number of containers to execute for an associated model    -   A set of anomaly descriptions and categories    -   A listing of tables for an associated batch model to process    -   One or more types of structured event data an associated model        should consume (e.g., http, login, network, etc.)    -   One or more sources of structured event data an associated model        should consume (e.g., user, device, domain, etc.)    -   Load balancing parameters indicating whether structured event        data should be processed on a per-entity basis or across a group        of entities    -   One or more ETL parsers and associated extraction rules    -   Machine learning functions to execute to update an associated        model, including score only or score and train.

When user uploads content package 1852 via user interface 2604, appmanager 2602 extracts any of the above information along with thespecific code included in model classes 2704, and then generates theupdated container image in the manner previously described.

FIG. 28 illustrates in greater detail the user interface of FIGS. 26-27in accordance with example embodiments. As shown, user interface 2604includes install button 2800 and model controls 2810 and 2820. Installbutton 2800 provides the user with the ability to upload a contentpackage generated via UBA SDK 2700. Model controls 2810 and 2820reference models currently installed within UBA deployment 1810 andexecuting as containerized microservices. Model control 2810 referencesa streaming model, while model control 2820 references a batch model.Models controls 2810 and 2820 include provisioning buttons 2812 and2822, respectively, that allow the user to scale up and provision newcontainers or scale down and destroy containers. User interface 2604interacts with user to perform these different functionalities, and thecommunicates with deployment manager 1842 via REST server 2600.

3.7. Distributed Computing Hardware

FIG. 29 illustrates a generic computing device that executes within theUBA deployment of FIG. 18. As shown, computing device 2900 includesprocessor(s) 2910, input/output (I/O) devices 2920, and memory 2930,coupled together. Memory 2930 includes a hypervisor 2940 coupled to adata store 2950. Hypervisor 2940 includes virtual machines 2942.Processor(s) 2910 may be any technically feasible hardware unitconfigured to process data and execute applications. I/O devices 2920may be any technically feasible device capable of performing inputoperations, output operations, or simultaneous input and outputoperations. Memory 2930 may be any technically feasible storage medium.

Hypervisor 2940 is a virtualization platform configured manage VMs 2942.VMs 2942 are emulation programs that emulate a computing environment.Each VM 2942 executes a separate operating system (OS), associatedlibraries, and software applications. Those software applications mayinclude container software, distributed computing software, variousruntimes, and so forth.

3.8. Deployment Procedures

FIGS. 30A-30B set forth a flow diagram of method steps for deploying acontainerized microservice to execute a streaming model, in accordancewith example embodiments. Although the method steps are described inconjunction with the systems of FIGS. 1-29, persons skilled in the artwill understand that any system configured to perform the method steps,in any order, is within the scope of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 30A, a method 3000 begins at step 3002, whereconfiguration manager 1844 within UBA management 1840 receives contentpackage 1852 from client 1850. A user may upload content package 1852via user interface 2604. At step 3004, app manager 2602 withinconfiguration manager 1844 extracts one or more configuration files 2704from content package 1852. At step 3006, app manager 2602 identifies astreaming model defined in configuration file 2704. At step 3008, appmanager 2602, parses code associated with the defined streaming modelfrom content package 1852. At step 3010, app manager 2602 generates anupdated container image that includes the parsed code. The method 3000continues in FIG. 30B.

As shown in FIG. 30B, at step 3012, app manager 2602 configures thecontainer image to consume one or more topics 1900 associated with thestreaming model. At step 3014, app manager 2602 configures the containerimage to identify one or more anomalies 1822 defined in configurationfile 2702. At step 3016, app manager 2602 inserts the container imageinto image DB 2512 and registers one or more services associated withthe streaming model with DCM 2500 via services queue 2502. At step 3018,DCM 2500 reboots all worker nodes deployed in UBA deployment 1810 toupdate the associated container images to reflect the newly definedcontainer image. At step 3020, DCM 2500 coordinates the rebooted workernodes to process streaming data and identify anomalies.

FIGS. 31A-31B set forth a flow diagram of method steps for deploying acontainerized microservice to execute a streaming model, in accordancewith example embodiments. Although the method steps are described inconjunction with the systems of FIGS. 1-29, persons skilled in the artwill understand that any system configured to perform the method steps,in any order, is within the scope of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 31A, a method 3100 begins at step 3102, whereconfiguration manager 1844 within UBA management 1840 receives contentpackage 1852 from client 1850. At step 3104, app manager 2602 withinconfiguration manager 1844 extracts one or more configuration files 2704from content package 1852. At step 3106, app manager 2602 identifies abatch model defined in configuration file 2704. At step 3108, appmanager 2602 parses code associated with the batch model from contentpackage 1852. At step 3110, app manager 2602 generates updated containerimage that includes the parsed code and inserts the image into image DB2512. App manager 2602 may also register new services with DCM 2500 inthe manner discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 30A-30B. At step3112, app manager 2602 configures the container image to perform batchprocessing on selected tables 2412 defined in configuration file 2702.The method 3000 continues in FIG. 31B.

As shown in FIG. 31B, at step 3114, deployment manager 1842 determinesthat an instance of the container defined in the new container imageshould be instantiated based on schedule defined in configuration file2702. At step 3116, deployment manager 1842 instantiates the containerco-located within the datastore 2410 where the selected tables 2412reside. In doing so, deployment manager 1842 may deploy a spark clusterinstantiated within the container to generate a containerizedmicroservice. At step 3118, the containerized microservice performsbatch processing with selected tables to identify anomalies. At step3120, deployment manager 1842 determines that batch processing iscomplete, and at step 3122 destroys the container.

In sum, a deployment manager executing in a distributed computingenvironment generates a user behavior analytics (UBA) deployment toprocess structured event data. The deployment manager configures astreaming cluster to perform streaming processing on real-time data andconfigures a batch cluster to perform batch processing on aggregateddata. A configuration manager executing in the distributed computingenvironment interoperates with the deployment manager to update the UBAdeployment with user-provided code and configurations that definestreaming and batch models, among other things. In this manner, thedeployment manager provides a scalable UBA deployment that can becustomized, via the configuration manager, by the user.

1. At least one advantage of the techniques described above is that theUBA deployment can be deployed within a private computing environmentmanaged by the user, thereby avoiding security issues associated withconventional techniques. Another advantage is that the user canconfigure the UBA deployment to execute customized models capable ofdetecting anomalies and threats specific to various use-cases with whichthe user is familiar. Yet another advantage is that customizationsprovided by the user can be combined with a predefined deployment,thereby easing the burden of generating such a deployment from scratch.

2. Some embodiments of the invention include a computer-implementedmethod, comprising: obtaining a content package that defines a firstbehavior model and a first anomaly, updating a default container imagebased on the content package to generate a customized container image,and deploying a first set of computing instances defined in a deploymentconfiguration to execute the customized container image to detectoccurrences of the first anomaly via the first behavior model.

3. The computer-implemented method of clause 1, wherein the defaultcontainer image defines at least one pre-processing operation to beperformed by a first containerized microservice included in apre-processing cluster of microservices.

4. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1 and 2, whereinthe default container image defines an extract-transform-load operationto be performed with unstructured event data to generate structuredevent data.

5. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, and 3,wherein the customized container image defines at least one real-timeoperation to be performed by a first containerized microservice includedin a streaming cluster of microservices that processes streaming,real-time data.

6. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, and 4,wherein the customized container image, upon execution, executes thefirst behavior model incrementally with each portion of the streaming,real-time data to identify occurrences of the first anomaly. Thecomputer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, whereinthe customized container image defines at least one batch operation tobe performed by a first containerized microservice included in a batchcluster of microservices that processes aggregated historical data.

7. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and6, wherein the customized container image, upon execution, executes thefirst behavior model with a plurality of portions of the aggregatedhistorical data to identify occurrences of the first anomaly.

8. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,and 7, wherein the deployment configuration defines the defaultcontainer image, at least one of a default architecture with which thefirst set of computing instances is deployed, a first replication factorassociated with at least a subset of the first set of computinginstances, one or more communication channels with which the first setof computing instances communicate, and a first computing device typeassociated with at least one computing device in the first set ofcomputing devices.

9. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, and 8, wherein the content package further defines at least one of afirst type of data to be consumed by the first behavior model, a firstnumber of containers to execute the customized container image, and afirst machine learning function to execute to train the first behaviormodel.

10. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, and 9, wherein the content package further defines at least one ofa first cron schedule according to which the customized container imageis executed, a first set of data tables to be processed via the firstbehavior model, and a first time range with which the first set of datatables is filtered.

11. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, and 10, further comprising: causing a first subset of the firstset of computing instances to execute a first startup script toconfigure a first subset of containers to execute a first portion ofcode included in the customized container image, and causing a secondsubset of the first set of computing instances to execute a secondstartup script to configure a second subset of containers to execute asecond portion of code included in the customized container image.

12. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, further comprising: obtaining a second contentpackage, wherein the second content package defines a second behaviormodel and a second anomaly, updating the customized container imagebased on the second content package to generate a second customizedcontainer image, and re-deploying the first set of computing instancesto execute the second customized container image to detect occurrencesof the second anomaly via the second behavior model.

13. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, further comprising provisioning one or moreadditional computing instances to execute the customized container imageupon determining that the first set of computing resources isunder-resourced.

14. The computer-implemented method of any of clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, further comprising causing a firstcomputing instance in the first set of computing instances to execute anadditional instance of the customized container image based on inputreceived from a user.

15. Some embodiments of the invention include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to perform the steps of:obtaining a content package that defines a first behavior model and afirst anomaly, updating a default container image based on the contentpackage to generate a customized container image, and deploying a firstset of computing instances defined in a deployment configuration toexecute the customized container image to detect occurrences of thefirst anomaly via the first behavior model.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of clause 15,wherein the default container image defines at least one pre-processingoperation to be performed by a first containerized microservice includedin a pre-processing cluster of microservices.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15 and 16, wherein the default container image defines anextract-transform-load operation to be performed with unstructured eventdata to generate structured event data.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15, 16, and 17, wherein the customized container image definesat least one real-time operation to be performed by a firstcontainerized microservice included in a streaming cluster ofmicroservices that processes streaming, real-time data.

19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15, 16, 17, and 18, wherein the customized container image, uponexecution, executes the first behavior model incrementally with eachportion of the streaming, real-time data to identify occurrences of thefirst anomaly.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, wherein the customized container imagedefines at least one batch operation to be performed by a firstcontainerized microservice included in a batch cluster of microservicesthat processes aggregated historical data.

21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, wherein the customized containerimage, upon execution, executes the first behavior model with aplurality of portions of the aggregated, historical data to identifyoccurrences of the first anomaly.

22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of any ofclauses 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21, wherein the deploymentconfiguration defines the default container image, at least one of adefault architecture with which the first set of computing instances isdeployed, a first replication factor associated with at least a subsetof the first set of computing instances, one or more communicationchannels with which the first set of computing instances communicate,and a first computing device type associated with at least one computingdevice in the first set of computing devices.

23. Some embodiments of the invention include a system, comprising: amemory that includes instructions, and a processor that is coupled tothe memory and performs the steps of: obtaining a content package thatdefines a first behavior model and a first anomaly, updating a defaultcontainer image based on the content package to generate a customizedcontainer image, and deploying a first set of computing instancesdefined in a deployment configuration to execute the customizedcontainer image to detect occurrences of the first anomaly via the firstbehavior model.

24. The system of clause 23, wherein the processor executes theinstructions to: obtain the content package, update the defaultcontainer image, and deploy the first set of computing instances.

25. The system of any of clauses 23, and 24, wherein the content packagefurther defines at least one of a first type of data to be consumed bythe first behavior model, a first number of containers to execute thecustomized container image, and a first machine learning function toexecute to train the first behavior model.

26. The system of any of clauses 23, 24, and 25, wherein the contentpackage further defines at least one of a first cron schedule accordingto which the customized container image is executed, a first set of datatables to be processed via the first behavior model, and a first timerange with which the first set of data tables is filtered.

27. The system of any of clauses 23, 24, 25, and 26, wherein theprocessor performs the additional steps of: causing a first subset ofthe first set of computing instances to execute a first startup scriptto configure a first subset of containers to execute a first portion ofcode included in the customized container image, and causing a secondsubset of the first set of computing instances to execute a secondstartup script to configure a second subset of containers to execute asecond portion of code included in the customized container image.

28. The system of any of clauses 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, wherein theprocessor performs the additional steps of: obtaining a thirdconfiguration file, wherein the third configuration file defines asecond behavior model and a second anomaly, updating the customizedcontainer image based on the third configuration file to generate asecond customized container image, and re-deploying the first set ofcomputing instances to execute the second customized container image todetect occurrences of the second anomaly via the second behavior model.

29. The system of any of clauses 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, wherein theprocessor performs the additional steps of provisioning one or moreadditional computing instances to execute the customized container imageupon determining that the first set of computing resources isunder-resourced.

30. The system of any of clauses 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, whereinthe processor performs the additional steps of causing a first computinginstance in the first set of computing instances to execute anadditional instance of the customized container image based on inputreceived from a user.

Any and all combinations of any of the claim elements recited in any ofthe claims and/or any elements described in this application, in anyfashion, fall within the contemplated scope of the present invention andprotection.

The descriptions of the various embodiments have been presented forpurposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variationswill be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.

Aspects of the present embodiments may be embodied as a system, methodor computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the presentdisclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software,micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardwareaspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “module” or“system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take theform of a computer program product embodied in one or more computerreadable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodiedthereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

Aspects of the present disclosure are described above with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of thedisclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, enable the implementation of the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. Such processors maybe, without limitation, general purpose processors, special-purposeprocessors, application-specific processors, or field-programmableprocessors or gate arrays.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

While the preceding is directed to embodiments of the presentdisclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may bedevised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scopethereof is determined by the claims that follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:obtaining a content package that defines a first behavior modelconfigured to perform user behavior analytics based on data associatedwith one or more users, and indicates a data source to subscribe to inorder to receive the data; updating a default container image based onthe content package to generate a customized container image; anddeploying a set of computing instances defined in a deploymentconfiguration, wherein, upon deployment, a computing instance of the setof computing instances executes the customized container image, andwherein execution of the customized container image causes the computinginstance to subscribe to the data source and use the first behaviormodel to detect occurrences of one or more anomalies in the data.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the default containerimage defines at least one pre-processing operation to be performed by afirst containerized microservice included in a pre-processing cluster ofmicroservices.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinthe default container image defines an extract-transform-load operationto be performed with unstructured event data to generate structuredevent data.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein thecustomized container image defines at least one real-time operation tobe performed by a first containerized microservice included in astreaming cluster of microservices that processes streaming, real-timedata.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein thecustomized container image, upon execution, executes the first behaviormodel incrementally with each portion of streaming, real-time data toidentify occurrences of the one or more anomalies.
 6. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the customized containerimage defines at least one batch operation to be performed by a firstcontainerized microservice included in a batch cluster of microservicesthat processes aggregated historical data.
 7. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, wherein the customized container image, uponexecution, executes the first behavior model with a plurality ofportions of the aggregated historical data to identify occurrences ofthe one or more anomalies.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim1, wherein the deployment configuration defines the default containerimage, at least one of a default architecture with which the set ofcomputing instances is deployed, a replication factor associated with atleast a subset of the set of computing instances, one or morecommunication channels with which the set of computing instancescommunicate, or a first computing device type associated with at leastone computing device in the set of computing devices.
 9. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the content packagefurther defines at least one of a type of data to be consumed by thefirst behavior model, a number of containers to execute the customizedcontainer image, or a machine learning function to execute to train thefirst behavior model.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,wherein the content package further defines at least one of a cronschedule according to which the customized container image is executed,a set of data tables to be processed via the first behavior model, or atime range with which the set of data tables is filtered.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: causing afirst subset of the set of computing instances to execute a firststartup script to configure a first subset of containers to execute afirst portion of code included in the customized container image; andcausing a second subset of the set of computing instances to execute asecond startup script to configure a second subset of containers toexecute a second portion of code included in the customized containerimage.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, furthercomprising: obtaining a second content package, wherein the secondcontent package defines a second behavior model; updating the customizedcontainer image based on the second content package to generate a secondcustomized container image; and re-deploying the set of computinginstances, wherein, upon re-deployment, the computing instance of theset of computing instances executes the second customized containerimage, and wherein execution of the second customized container imagecauses the computing instance to use the second behavior model to detectoccurrences of one or more anomalies in the data.
 13. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising provisioningone or more additional computing instances to execute the customizedcontainer image upon determining that the set of computing instances isunder-resourced.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, furthercomprising causing another computing instance of the set of computinginstances to execute an additional instance of the customized containerimage based on input received from a user.
 15. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to perform the steps of:obtaining a content package that defines a first behavior modelconfigured to perform user behavior analytics based on data associatedwith one or more users, and indicates a data source to subscribe to inorder to receive the data; updating a default container image based onthe content package to generate a customized container image; anddeploying a set of computing instances defined in a deploymentconfiguration, wherein, upon deployment, a computing instance of the setof computing instances executes the customized container image, andwherein execution of the customized container image causes the computinginstance to subscribe to the data source and use the first behaviormodel to detect occurrences of one or more anomalies in the data. 16.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, whereinthe default container image defines at least one pre-processingoperation to be performed by a first containerized microservice includedin a pre-processing cluster of microservices.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the defaultcontainer image defines an extract-transform-load operation to beperformed with unstructured event data to generate structured eventdata.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim15, wherein the customized container image defines at least onereal-time operation to be performed by a first containerizedmicroservice included in a streaming cluster of microservices thatprocesses streaming, real-time data.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the customizedcontainer image, upon execution, executes the first behavior modelincrementally with each portion of streaming, real-time data to identifyoccurrences of the one or more anomalies.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the customizedcontainer image defines at least one batch operation to be performed bya first containerized microservice included in a batch cluster ofmicroservices that processes aggregated historical data.
 21. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thecustomized container image, upon execution, executes the first behaviormodel with a plurality of portions of the aggregated historical data toidentify occurrences of the one or more anomalies.
 22. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thedeployment configuration defines the default container image, at leastone of a default architecture with which the set of computing instancesis deployed, a replication factor associated with at least a subset ofthe set of computing instances, one or more communication channels withwhich the set of computing instances communicate, or a first computingdevice type associated with at least one computing device in the set ofcomputing devices.
 23. A system, comprising: a memory that includesinstructions; and a processor that is coupled to the memory and performsthe steps of: obtaining a content package that defines a first behaviormodel configured to perform user behavior analytics based on dataassociated with one or more users, and indicates a data source tosubscribe to in order to receive the data, updating a default containerimage based on the content package to generate a customized containerimage, and deploying a set of computing instances defined in adeployment configuration, wherein, upon deployment, a computing instanceof the set of computing instances executes the customized containerimage, and wherein execution of the customized container image causesthe computing instance to subscribe to the data source and use the firstbehavior model to detect occurrences of one or more anomalies in thedata.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the processer executes theinstructions to: obtain the content package; update the defaultcontainer image; and deploy the set of computing instances.
 25. Thesystem of claim 23, wherein the content package further defines at leastone of a type of data to be consumed by the first behavior model, anumber of containers to execute the customized container image, or amachine learning function to execute to train the first behavior model.26. The system of claim 23, wherein the content package further definesat least one of a cron schedule according to which the customizedcontainer image is executed, a set of data tables to be processed viathe first behavior model, or a time range with which the set of datatables is filtered.
 27. The system of claim 23, wherein the processorperforms the additional steps of: causing a first subset of the set ofcomputing instances to execute a first startup script to configure afirst subset of containers to execute a first portion of code includedin the customized container image; and causing a second subset of theset of computing instances to execute a second startup script toconfigure a second subset of containers to execute a second portion ofcode included in the customized container image.
 28. The system of claim23, wherein the processor performs the additional steps of: obtaining asecond content package, wherein the second content package defines asecond behavior model; updating the customized container image based onthe second content package to generate a second customized containerimage; and re-deploying the set of computing instances, wherein, uponre-deployment, the computing instance of the set of computing instancesexecutes the second customized container image, and wherein execution ofthe second customized container image causes the computing instance touse the second behavior model to detect occurrences of one or moreanomalies in the data.
 29. The system of claim 23, wherein the processorperforms an additional step of provisioning one or more additionalcomputing instances to execute the customized container image upondetermining that the set of computing instances is under-resourced. 30.The system of claim 23, wherein the processor performs an additionalstep of causing another computing instance of the set of computinginstances to execute an additional instance of the customized containerimage based on input received from a user.